Category: Class-8 Civics

A. 1. a. 2. a. 3. a. 4. c. 5. d.
B. 1. social justice

2. labours, less
3. Constitution 4. consumers
4. Bhopal Gas Tragedy
5. Equal Remuneration
6. Delhi 8. 1980
7. banned 10. 1984
   C. 1. c. 2. d. 3. b. 4. e. 5. a.
   D. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F
   E. 1. It is the duty of the government to
   enact some laws so that such
   exploitation does not take place. All
   the people should get equal treatment
   in the society and should be
   subjected to the same laws. Such a
   situation in which there is no
   discrimination in the society is
   called social justice.
8. The Bhopal disaster brought the
   issue of environment to the forefront:
   Several thousands of persons who
   were not associated with the factory
   in any way were greatly affected
   because of the poisonous gases
   leaked from the plant.
9. Provisions of Minimum Wages Act
   are –
   • Equal pay for equal type of work
   • Regular revision of the minimum
   wages
   • Regulations regarding working
   hours, overtime as well as weekly
   holidays and overtime wages.
10. This Act provides for the elderly
    who cannot maintain themselves
    and makes their maintenance by the
    family a legal right for them.
11. It was launched after the Bhopal gas
    tragedy when the central government
    made provisions to check industrial
    pollution through regulations.
    F. 1. They were facing the problem of
    being underpaid and overworked by
    their employers. With this Act,
    regulations were brought regarding
    the condition of their service,
    working hours, leaves and holidays.
12. The laws that protect women from
    domestic violence is The Protection
    of Women from Domestic Violence
    Act, 2005. It provides protection to
    the female members from any kind
    of violence by the members of the
    family.
13. The areas where the children below
    the age of 14 years cannot be
    employed are work in a catering
    establishment at a railway station,
    within the ports, work relating to
    seing of crackers and fireworks,
    automobile shops and garages,
    handling of inflammable objects,
    mines and collieries and in plastic
    and fibre glassworkshops.
14. It was introduced to raise the levels
    of awareness among the consumers
    as well as for the protection o f their
    rights. For the same, special
    consumer courts were formed to
    deal with cases regarding the
    grievances of the consumers.
15. Court orders on environmental
    issues can sometimes delay
    infrastructure projects, affecting
    economic development and job
    creation. To mitigate these effects,
    courts can expedite hearings,
    provide clear guidelines, and
    encourage stakeholder consultations.
    Additionally, promoting sustainable
    practices, investing in green
    technologies, enforcing strict
    environmental regulations, and
    fostering public awareness are
    essential to ensure a safe and
    healthy environment while
    respecting legal decisions.
    G. 1. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 The
    Equal Remuneration Act provides
    for the payment of equal wages to
    men and women workers. The Act
    states that an employer is bound to
    pay equal remuneration to men and
    women workers for work of a
    similar nature. This Act is a major
    step towards eradicating exploitation
    of women.
16. Labour laws primarily govern the
    relationship between employers and
    employees, regulating aspects such
    as working conditions, wages,
    benefits, and industrial disputes.
    These laws ensure fair treatment,
    safe working environments, and
    rights like minimum wage and
    working hours.
    Welfare laws, on the other hand,
    focus on the well-being and social
    security of individuals within
    society. They encompass various
    social welfare programs and schemes
    aimed at improving the quality of
    life, providing assistance to
    vulnerable groups such as children,
    elderly, disabled, and economically
    disadvantaged individuals.
    In summary, while labour laws
    specifically regulate the dynamics
    between employers and employees
    in the workplace, welfare laws
    extend beyond labor relations to
    encompass broader societal concerns
    related to social security, health,
    education, and overall welfare.
    H. 1. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was a manmade disaster due to human errors
    and negligence. It resulted from
    safety lapses at the Union Carbide
    pesticide plant, including inadequate
    maintenance, poor safety protocols,
    and mishandling of hazardous
    chemicals like methyl isocyanate
    (MIC). Regulatory oversight failures
    and insufficient emergency
    preparedness further exacerbated the
    impact, highlighting the disaster’s
    preventable nature.
17. Cleaning the environment is the key
    to the existence and survival of life
    on planet Earth. Maintaining a clean
    environment reduces pollution,
    preserves our biosphere, protects
    endangered species, and helps
    preserve the Earth’s natural
    resources.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
18. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    Why is it the task of the government to
    provide welfare measures to its people?
    What will happen if it stopped giving
    welfare measures?
    Ans – It is the task of the government
    because the government is supposed to
    be an accountable and a welfare
    government enjoying the mandate of the
    people.
    The government provides welfare
    measures to ensure social justice, reduce
    poverty, and promote overall well-being.
    If welfare measures were stopped,
    vulnerable populations would suffer
    from increased poverty, inequality, and
    social unrest. Essential services like
    healthcare, education, and social
    security would be compromised,
    impacting economic stability and public
    health. Additionally, without welfare
    support, societal cohesion could weaken,
    leading to greater disparities and
    challenges in achieving long-term
    development goals.
    Hots
19. The purpose of minimum wages is to
    protect workers against unduly low pay.
    They help ensure a just and equitable
    share of the fruits of progress to all, and
    a minimum living wage to all who are
    employed and in need of such protection.
20. Because there is population explosion in
    India with shortage of resources to even
    educate the people. So it is not difficult
    to find cheap and abundant labourers
    here.
21. It means that despite the law, the
    problem has not been eradicated. This
    is because of extreme poverty and
    widening of the gap between the rich
    and the poor so in a poor family all the
    mouths to feed must have all the hands
    to work as well.
    Picture Based Questions
22. Motor vehicles.
23. Carbon Monoxide
24. Electric vehicle
25. Government reduced the subsidy for two
    wheelers after June 1st. This scheme is
    launched by the government to give a
    boost to electric vehicles.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Minimum Wages Act
26. Plantation Labour Act
27. Equal Remuneration
28. Smoking
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. a
    PERIODIC ASSESSMENT 2
    A. 1. Constitution 2. 21
29. Discriminations
30. original, Scheduled Tribes (STs)
31. Highways 6. Government
32. poor, Illiterate rights
33. District Commission, State
    Commission
    B. 1. The coming of the British significantly
    impacted the Adivasis (indigenous
    tribes) in India. It led to displacement
    from their traditional lands due to
    forest laws and commercial
    exploitation. Adivasis faced cultural
    marginalization, loss of autonomy,
    and exploitation as cheap laborers in
    colonial industries and plantations.
34. Displacement from land: The
    industrialization has been one of the
    primary reasons for the displacement
    of the tribals from their land. The loss
    of land means loss of livelihood.
    Tribal economy has largely been
    dependent upon land based activities.
35. Judicial review is the power of courts
    to review the constitutionality of
    legislative and executive actions,
    ensuring they comply with
    constitutional principles and rights.
36. In rural areas, people often resolve
    their problems through community
    elders’ mediation, local panchayats
    (village councils), and informal
    justice systems. These methods rely
    on consensus-building, traditional
    customs, and locally accepted norms
    to address disputes and maintain
    social harmony.
37. The budget helps the government in
    financial planning and expenditure by
    outlining revenue sources and
    estimating expenditures across
    various sectors. It allocates funds to
    prioritize developmental goals,
    infrastructure projects, social welfare
    programs, and defense expenditures,
    ensuring efficient use of resources
    and fiscal discipline. Additionally, the
    budget serves as a tool for transparency
    and accountability in government
    spending.
38. The government is required to
    facilitate the provision of basic
    amenities like water, healthcare,
    electricity, roads, public transportation,
    schools, colleges, and universities for
    its citizens. Such amenities are
    collectively referred to as public
    facilities.
39. Despite the government guaranteeing
    the Right to Equality to all citizens,
    marginalized groups such as Dalits
    (Scheduled Castes), Adivasis
    (Scheduled Tribes), women, religious
    minorities, often face violations of
    this right.
40. This Act makes it legally obliging for
    adult children and heirs to provide for
    parents by way of a monthly
    allowance. This Act provides an
    inexpensive and speedy procedure to
    claim monthly maintenance for
    parents and senior citizens. According
    to this Act, parents could mean
    biological, adoptive or step-parents.
    C. 1. Adivasis are becoming increasingly
    marginalized because firstly, they
    follow a different culture, language
    and traditions from mainstream
    Indian society which leads us to
    wrongfully classify them as exotic,
    primitive and backward.
    Adivasis (indigenous tribes) in India
    are often marginalized due to historical
    and systemic factors. They face
    displacement from their ancestral
    lands due to development projects
    and forest conservation laws, limiting
    their access to resources and traditional
    livelihoods. Social discrimination and
    lack of political representation
    contribute to their marginalization,
    exacerbating poverty, educational
    disparities, and health inequalities.
    Limited access to basic amenities and
    employment opportunities further
    perpetuate their socio-economic
    disadvantage, despite constitutional
    protections and affirmative action
    measures aimed at their upliftment.
41. Provisions in the Indian Constitution
    that ensure the independence of the
    judiciary include:
    Security of Tenure: Judges of the
    Supreme Court and High Courts have
    security of tenure, meaning they
    cannot be easily removed from office
    e x c e p t t h r o u g h a r i g o r o u s
    impeachment process.
    Appointment Process: The Constitution
    provides for a procedure for the
    appointment of judges that involves
    consultation between the judiciary,
    executive, and senior members of the
    legal profession to safeguard against
    executive interference.
    urisdiction: The judiciary has the
    power to interpret the Constitution
    and strike down any law or executive
    action that is inconsistent with its
    provisions, ensuring its autonomy
    and authority.
    Separation of Powers: The doctrine
    of separation of powers ensures that
    the judiciary operates independently
    from the legislature and executive,
    maintaining checks and balances in
    governance.
42. The government has taken many
    steps to help our country develop
    economically.
    • In agriculture, they provide farmers
    with better seeds, fertilizers, and
    techniques to grow more food. This
    helps to increase food production and
    improve farmers’ incomes. In
    industries, the government helps
    small businesses by giving them
    loans and supporting them with
    schemes to start new factories and
    create more jobs for people.
    • For education, they build schools and
    make sure children can go to school
    for free to become skilled and find
    good jobs in the future.
    • The government also builds roads,
    bridges, and other infrastructure to
    make it easier for goods to be
    transported and for people to travel,
    which helps businesses and
    communities grow.
    These steps together help our country
    grow and make life better for
    everyone.
43. Labour refers to agricultural workers
    working in the field of the other
    farmers,or workers in factories, or
    casual labourers in construction sites
    or those who carry load. They need
    laws for their protection so that
    exploitation at the workplace does
    not occur.
    PRACTICE PAPER 1
    A. 1. a. 2. d. 3. b. 4. b. 5. a.
44. a. 7. a. 8. b. 9. c. 10. c.
    B. 1. resource
45. dairy farming 3. portugese
46. 6
47. Vice President
48. intercropping 7. deciduous
49. threatened 9. 1664
50. 1756
    C. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T
51. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F
    D. 1. d. 2. e. 3. f. 4. a. 5. c. 6. b.
    E. 1. Mangal Pandey, Rani Laxmi Bai,
    Tipu Sultan, Mahatma Gandhi,
    Nana Phadnis
52. Under the Subsidiary Alliance
    System used by Lord Wellesley,
    every ruler in India had to accept to
    pay a subsidy to the British for the
    maintenance of the British army. In
    return, the British would protect them
    from their enemies which gave
    British enormous expansion.
53. During the British administration,
    major forms of communication
    among different branches included
    postal services, telegraph networks,
    and official dispatches via
    messengers or couriers.
54. The tribal revolt, also known as the
    Sepoy Mutiny or Indian Rebellion
    of 1857, featured widespread
    discontent among Indian soldiers
    (sepoys) and civilians against
    British rule. Main features included
    mutinies by Indian troops, uprisings
    across North India, and the siege of
    British-held cities like Delhi. It was
    characterized by a mix of grievances
    including economic, social, and
    religious factors, leading to a
    significant challenge to British
    authority in India.
55. CITES (the Convention on
    International Trade in Endangered
    Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is
    an international agreement between
    governments. Its aim is to ensure
    that international trade in specimens
    of wild animals and plants does not
    threaten the survival of the species.
56. Hemis National Park, Desert
    National Park
57. Laterite soil is rich in aluminum and
    iron, formed in wet and hot tropical
    areas. Almost all laterites are rusty
    red due to the presence of iron
    oxides. It is prepared by the longlasting and intensive weathering of
    the parent rock.
58. Dissent plays a crucial role in
    d e m o c r a c y b y e n s u r i n g
    accountability, fostering debate, and
    promoting social progress. It allows
    for the expression of diverse
    perspectives and challenges the
    status quo, leading to betterinformed decision-making.
    Moreover, dissent serves as a check
    on power, preventing authoritarian
    tendencies and promoting
    transparency in governance.
    Ultimately, it strengthens democratic
    institutions by encouraging citizen
    participation and protecting civil
    liberties.
59. This right is enshrined in Article 19
    of the Constitution, and it guarantees
    citizens of India the following
    freedoms: freedom of speech and
    expression, freedom of assembly,
    freedom to form associations or
    unions, freedom to move freely
    throughout the country, and freedom
    to reside in any part of the country.
60. A Parliamentary government is a
    democratic administration in which
    the government is formed by the
    political party that obtains the most
    seats in the legislature or Parliament
    during the federal election. This
    majority party selects a leader to be
    Prime Minister or Chancellor.
    F. 1. The British referred to the period
    before their rule in India as the
    “Mughal Period” because it was
    dominated by the Mughal Empire,
    which was one of the most significant
    and powerful empires in Indian
    history.
61. Birsa’s untimely death and the trial
    that followed of the 300 other
    Mundas who had been arrested,
    became national news, and the
    struggle forced the British to enact
    the landmark Chotanagpur Tenancy
    Act in 1908, which restricted the
    transfer of Adivasi land to nonAdivasis.
62. Greenhouse gases are primarily
    formed through human activities
    such as burning fossil fuels (coal,
    oil, natural gas) for energy
    production, transportation, and
    industrial processes. Agriculture,
    particularly livestock farming and
    rice paddies, releases methane.
    Nitrous oxide is emitted from
    agricultural activities and industrial
    p r o c e s s e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y,
    deforestation and land-use changes
    contribute by reducing the Earth’s
    capacity to absorb these gases,
    exacerbating their atmospheric
    accumulation and the greenhouse
    effect.
63. Drip irrigation is the slow release of
    water to each plant to conserve
    water and prevent soil run-off with
    too much of water.
    Drip irrigation is beneficial in
    agriculture for several reasons. It
    delivers water directly to the roots
    of plants, minimizing evaporation
    and runoff compared to traditional
    irrigation methods. This efficiency
    conserves water and reduces the
    overall water usage in farming. It
    also enhances crop yield and quality
    by providing a controlled and
    consistent supply of water and
    nutrients to the plants, leading to
    healthier growth and better crop
    management. Additionally, drip
    irrigation can help in controlling soil
    erosion and weed growth, making it
    a sustainable and environmentally
    friendly option for modern
    agriculture.
64. It reduces soil erosion and flood
    hazards by collecting rainwater and
    reducing the flow of stormwater to
    prevent urban flooding. Most
    buildings that utilize rainwater
    harvesting systems have a built-in
    catchment area on top of the roof,
    which has a capacity of collecting
    large volumes of water in case of
    rainstorms.
65. The Rajya Sabha should consist of
    not more than 250 members – 238
    members representing the States and
    Union Territories, and 12 members
    nominated by the President. Rajya
    Sabha is a permanent body and is
    not subject to dissolution.
66. The President is the Supreme
    Commander of the Indian Armed
    Forces. Only the president can
    declare war or conclude peace, on
    the advice of the Union Council of
    Ministers headed by the prime
    minister. All important treaties and
    contracts are made in the president’s
    name.
67. The Supreme Court of India has
    several powers crucial to its role in
    the judicial system. It is the highest
    judicial authority in the country,
    with the power of judicial review to
    ensure laws and actions conform to
    the Constitution. The Court has
    original jurisdiction in disputes
    between the Union and states or
    between states. It can issue writs for
    enforcement of fundamental rights
    and hears appeals from lower courts
    and tribunals. Its decisions are
    binding on all courts and authorities
    within India, making it a pivotal
    institution for upholding justice and
    interpreting constitutional matters.
    PRACTICE PAPER 2
    A. 1. c. 2. a. 3. c. 4. a. 5. a.
68. b. 7. a. 8. c. 9. a. 10. a.
    B. 1. Anglicists
69. The Tata Iron and Steel Company
70. Malaysia
71. Mediterranean 5. Europe
72. Educational
73. Uttar Pradesh
74. plantation workers
75. Pulse Polio 10. 2005
    C. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
76. T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. F
    D. 1. d. 2. f. 3. b. 4. e. 5. a.
77. c.
    E. 1. The traditional system of education
    in India emphasized classical
    languages, scriptures, and religious
    teachings, focusing on memorization
    and oral transmission. In contrast,
    the modern system introduced by
    the British in the 19th century
    emphasized English language
    proficiency, scientific knowledge,
    and practical subjects like
    mathematics and science. It
    promoted standardized curriculum,
    textbooks, and examinations, aiming
    to produce a workforce suited for
    administrative and clerical roles
    under colonial rule. This shift also
    led to the establishment of schools
    and universities that blended Western
    and indigenous educational practices.
78. Subhas Chandra Bose (also called
    Neta ji) is known for his role in
    India’s independence movement. A
    participant of the non cooperation
    movement and a leader of the Indian
    National Congress, he was part of
    the more militant wing and known
    for his advocacy of socialist policies.
    He gave his army the slogan of
    Delhi Chalo and the salutation of Jai
    Hind, which became the source of
    inspiration to Azad Hind Fauj (or
    Indian National Army).
79. Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the
    founder and first governor-general
    (1947–48) of Pakistan. He is revered
    as the father of Pakistan. Jinnah was
    a key figure in the movement for
    Indian Muslim independence and
    played a pivotal role in the partition
    of India in 1947.
80. Major food crops grown in India are
    rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea,
    coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton
    and jute, etc.
81. Atmospheric Conditions for
    Growth of Millet and sorghum
    crops:
    • Temperature: The average
    temperature required for this crop is
    25° to 30°C.
    • Rainfall: Millet needs about 40 cm
    to 50 cm of rainfall. It grows well
    in arid areas.
    • Soil: Light sandy soils to red and
    yellow loamy soils are suitable for
    millet cultivation.
82. Industries that uses large machinery
    to produce metal, coal, vehicles, etc.
83. Textile making includes five
    processes—ginning of the fibre,
    carding or combing, spinning of the
    yarn, weaving of the cloth and
    dyeing and printing the fabric.
84. In Supervisory jurisdiction, the
    Supreme Court oversees and
    supervises the functioning of the
    lower courts.
85. Reservations in India were
    introduced: To rectify the past and
    historical injustice against the
    backward classes in India. To ensure
    that equal representation can be seen
    from people belonging to all castes
    in the services under the state and
    centre. To provide an equal platform
    for everyone irrespective of their
    caste. Reservation is enshrined in
    the constitution to ensure social
    justice and equality by providing
    opportunities to historically
    disadvantaged groups such as
    Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled
    Tribes (ST), and Other Backward
    Classes (OBCs). It aims to address
    historical discrimination, promote
    representation in education and
    employment, and uplift marginalized
    communities. Constitutional
    provisions safeguard reservation
    policies from being easily overturned,
    ensuring their continuity and
    effectiveness in achieving inclusive
    development.
86. National program for health care of
    the elderly. The programme is State
    oriented and basic thrust of the
    programme is to provide dedicated
    health care facilities to the senior
    citizens at various levels of primary,
    secondary and tertiary health care.
    F. 1. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also
    known as Frontier Gandhi, was a
    prominent Pashtun independence
    activist and a close associate of
    Mahatma Gandhi. He played a
    significant role in the Civil
    Disobedience Movement by
    mobilizing the Pashtun community
    in the North-West Frontier Province
    (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
    Pakistan) against British colonial
    rule. Khan advocated for nonviolent
    resistance and led the Khudai
    Khidmatgar (“Servants of God”)
    movement, which participated
    actively in protests, boycotts, and
    demonstrations during the struggle
    for India’s independence.
87. There were many factors that
    accounted for the Revolt of 1857.
    Most significant among these are
    described here.
    Discontent of Former Ruling
    Families – The British policies of
    annexation and conquest demoralised
    many Indian rulers and chiefs.
    Policies such as Subsidiary Alliance
    and the Doctrine of Lapse particularly
    infused a sense of deprivation and
    discontent in their minds.
    Discontent of Peasants and
    Artisans – The policy of economic
    exploitation followed by the British
    affected all sections of Indian
    society. Due to high revenue
    demands and ruthless system of
    revenue collection, life of the
    peasants became miserable.
    Discontented Sepoys – The sepoys
    or Indian soldiers formed about
    seven-eighth of the total British
    troops in India. But they were often
    subjected to discriminatory
    provisions and rules by their British
    superiors.
    Colonial Initiatives for Social
    Reform – During the British rule, a
    number of legislations were passed
    to stop various negative social
    practices. These legislations or laws
    included those relating to the
    abolition of Sati, legalisation of
    widow remarriage and the extension
    of western education to women.
    Policy of Racial and Cultural
    Discrimination – A large section of
    the British colonial authorities
    believed that they were racially and
    culturally superior to the Indians.
    Their discriminatory administrative
    policies and practices reflected their
    racial arrogance.
88. The conditions for optimal growth
    of wheat and rice differ due to their
    different ecological requirements:
    Water Requirements: Rice
    requires standing water, typically in
    flooded paddies, whereas wheat
    grows best in well-drained soil with
    moderate water levels.
    Temperature: Rice thrives in warm
    and humid conditions, with
    temperatures around 25-35°C
    during the growing season. Wheat
    prefers cooler temperatures, around
    15-25°C, and is often grown in
    regions with distinct seasons.
    Soil Type: Rice grows well in
    clayey or loamy soils that retain
    water, while wheat prefers welldrained loamy or sandy soils.
    Nutrient Requirements: Rice
    requires higher levels of nitrogen
    and phosphorus due to its aquatic
    growth conditions. Wheat also
    needs nitrogen but can tolerate
    lower soil fertility levels compared
    to rice.
    Growth Habit: Rice is a semiaquatic plant that can tolerate
    flooding, while wheat is a terrestrial
    plant that grows above ground level.
89. Based on ownership, industries can
    be classified as public sector, private
    sector, or joint sector. Public
    industries are owned and run by the
    government, whereas private
    industries are run and owned by
    private enterprises. Joint sectors are
    run as a collaboration between the
    government and private parties.
90. Indian agriculture faces challenges
    including erratic rainfall, inadequate
    irrigation, soil degradation, diverse
    cultivation methods, improper crop
    techniques, and diminishing arable
    land.
91. The government’s assistance can
    encourage private industrialists to
    undertake new projects by reducing
    the risk they face. Thus, the
    diversification of the industrial
    structure with governmental
    assistance enables the learning
    process to continue without being
    subject to diminishing returns.
92. Big cities face scarcity of water and
    electricity due to several reasons:
    Growing Population: Rapid
    urbanization leads to increased
    demand for water and electricity,
    exceeding supply capacities.
    Infrastructure Deficiencies: Aging
    or inadequate infrastructure for
    water supply and electricity
    distribution cannot keep pace with
    urban growth.
    Climate Change: Changing
    weather patterns affect water
    availability and energy generation,
    leading to shortages during droughts
    or extreme weather events.
    Inefficient Use: High levels of
    wastage and inefficient use of water
    and electricity exacerbate scarcity
    issues.
    Administrative Challenges: Poor
    governance, inadequate planning,
    and regulatory hurdles can hinder
    effective management and
    distribution of resources in urban
    areas.
93. Directive Principles of State Policy
    (DPSP) are guidelines or principles
    laid down in Part IV of the
    Constitution of India. They provide
    a framework for governance and
    policy-making by directing the state
    to ensure social, economic, and
    political justice for all citizens.
    Unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III
    of the Constitution), which are
    enforceable by courts, DPSP are
    non-justiciable in nature, meaning
    they are not legally enforceable but
    are moral obligations upon the state.
    DPSP encompass a wide range of
    principles, including provisions for
    securing just and humane conditions
    of work, equal pay for equal work,
    protection of the environment,
    promotion of educational and
    cultural interests, and striving
    towards a welfare state. They reflect
    the socio-economic ideals and
    aspirations of the Indian Constitution
    makers and aim to guide state policy
    towards achieving a just and
    equitable society.
    While not legally binding, DPSP
    serve as a moral and political
    compass for governance and policymaking, encouraging lawmakers
    and governments to strive towards
    achieving the goals set out in these
    principles while formulating laws
    and policies for the welfare of the
    people.

A. 1. c. 2. a. 3. d. 4. d. 5. b.
B. 1. goverment

2. Highways
3. restaurants, employment
4. taxes
5. five years
6. Prime Minister
7. 1950
8. 16
9. pulse polio, children
10. 21
    C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
    D. 1. d. 2. e. 3. a. 4. b. 5. c.
    E. 1. Budget is the detailed information
    of the expenses incurred by the
    government and declaration of the
    future programmes and their
    implementation.
11. When the demand is too high and
    the government cannot provide on
    its own the governmentoften
    establish partnerships with
    corporations to jointly work on
    projects of public interest.
12. It gets the money from the taxes that
    people pay to the government.
13. Five year plans were adopted to
    fasten the process of development
    and it was copied from the Soviet
    model of development.
14. The social schemes launched are
    MGNREGA and the NRDWP.
    F. 1. Public facilities are those services
    whose benefits are shared by many
    people. In a democracy, it is the
    responsibility of the government to
    provide basic public facilities to the
    people. The government sometimes
    hires the services of some private
    organisations for the construction
    and maintenance of such public
    facilities.
    The government builds roads in the
    cities as well as roads to connect one
    city to another. Highways are the
    network of roads that connect cities
    and towns all over the nation.
    The government is responsible for
    providing drinking water, electricity,
    public transport, health care, public
    convenience, sanitation, education
    facilities as well as means of public
    transport and roads. These facilities
    are necessary for the people in order
    to lead a comfortable life.
    Education of the masses is important
    for the development of any nation.
    The government has adopted
    programmes such as Sarva Sikhsha
    Abhiyan and Mid-day meal schemes
    for universalisation of education.
    The government has also adopted
    certain housing schemes, especially
    for the lower-income groups of the
    society.
15. Functions of the planning
    commission are-
    • Assess the country’s resources
    • Formulate the five year plans
    • Determine national priorities and
    allocate funds
    • Decide on the machinery required
    to make the plans successful
    • Evaluate the plans periodically
16. Steps taken to bring economic
    development are –
    • Wide network of road as well as rail
    networks
    • Airports to facilitate air travels
    • Generation and transmission of
    power in the country
    • Education of the masses
    • Providing housing to the low
    income group or the marginalized
    • Immunization drives to improve the
    health of the future generations.
17. Hardships that people face in the
    urban areas are broken roads,
    scarcity of health centres and
    schools, scarcity of water and
    electricity. It is because the resources
    are scarce and the demand for them
    is too high due to pressure of
    population.
18. Education of the masses is important
    for the development of any nation.
    The government has adopted
    programmes such as Sarva Sikhsha
    Abhiyan and Mid-day meal schemes
    for universalisation of education.
    We have already learnt that Right to
    Education is now a Fundamental
    Right.
    G. 1. First Five-Year Plan (1951–56)
    Agriculture is the main occupation
    of the people in India. So, the First
    Five-Year Plan, for the period
    1951–56, focused on improving the
    conditions of the agrarian sector.
    Many irrigation projects were
    initiated during this period, including
    the Bhakra-Nangal Dam and
    Hirakud Dam. The Indian Institutes
    of Technology (IITs) were started as
    major technical institutions. The
    University Grants Commission was
    set up to take care of funding and
    to take measures to strengthen the
    higher education system in the
    country.
    Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–17)
    The Twelfth Five-Year Plan aims
    ‘faster, sustainable, and more
    inclusive growth’ of the economy.
    The objective of the plan is to
    improve the economic and social
    life of the people on the whole, in
    order to achieve an overall growth
    rate of 8 per cent. It has also
    proposed structural reforms in order
    to reverse the economic slowdown,
    achieve, and then maintain a steady
    growth rate of the economy, with
    the combined efforts of both the
    government and the private sectors.
19. Urban Development
    While cities, towns and suburbs
    come in the category of urban areas.
    Urban areas have numerous
    education and job opportunities and
    the infrastructure and development
    rate is high. The government has
    also adopted certain housing
    schemes, especially for the lowerincome groups of the society. The
    Indira Awas Yojana and Dr
    Ambedkar Housing Scheme are
    some of the programmes of housing
    development in the rural areas. The
    Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban
    Renewal Mission was adopted in
    2005 to improve the infrastructure
    in the cities.
    Rural Development
    The government has launched some
    special schemes for the development
    of the rural areas. The Mahatma
    Gandhi National Rural Employment
    Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims
    at enhancing the livelihood security
    of people in rural areas by
    guaranteeing hundred days of wageemployment in a financial year to a
    rural household whose adult
    members volunteer to do unskilled
    manual work. If the government
    fails to provide them jobs, they have
    to anyway provide their salary.
    Under the scheme, special job cards
    were issued to the members. The
    National Rural Drinking Water
    Programme (NRDWP) aims to
    provide clean and safe drinking
    water for the people in the villages.
    The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
    Yojana and the Indira Awas Yojana
    are some of the other special
    projects for rural development.
    H. 1. India adopted five-year plans as a
    mechanism to achieve balanced
    economic development and growth
    across various sectors of the
    economy. The five-year plans were
    influenced by the socialist approach
    to economic planning, emphasizing
    state intervention and control over
    key industries and resources. These
    plans aimed to promote rapid
    industrialization, infrastructure
    development, agricultural growth,
    and social welfare programs to
    uplift the standard of living for the
    masses.
    Key objectives of India’s five-year
    plans included reducing poverty,
    promoting employment generation,
    ensuring equitable distribution of
    wealth, and fostering self-sufficiency
    in strategic sectors. The plans
    provided a structured framework for
    allocating resources, setting targets,
    and monitoring progress towards
    development goals. Despite some
    deviations and critiques over time,
    the five-year planning process
    helped India lay the groundwork for
    its economic transformation and
    development strategies in the
    decades following independence.
20. Investments in education and health
    result in an improved quality of life
    for citizens. This will increase the
    productivity of the workforce.
    Improved productivity helps to
    generate more income.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
21. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    India has made great progress in
    almost all fields in the last few years.
    Keeping the status of our nation in
    mind, which sector should be given
    maximum priority while planning
    about growth and development in the
    sectors of agriculture, industry, health,
    education, infrastructure development
    and defence?
    Ans – Given India’s current status,
    priority should be given to
    infrastructure development to support
    sustainable growth across agriculture,
    industry, health, education, and defence
    sectors.
    Hots
22. The Indian government has implemented
    several measures to conserve water and
    increase its availability, recognizing the
    critical importance of water resources in
    sustaining livelihoods and promoting
    economic growth. Here are some key
    measures:
    Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Launched in 2019,
    this campaign aims to improve water
    conservation and water resource
    management through various water
    harvesting and conservation measures
    across India.
    Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee
    Yojana (PMKSY): This scheme
    focuses on enhancing water use
    efficiency in agriculture through various
    components like micro-irrigation,
    watershed development, and promoting
    efficient water management practices.
    Rainwater Harvesting: Promotion of
    rainwater harvesting techniques in both
    urban and rural areas to capture and
    store rainwater for various uses,
    including recharge of groundwater.
    Atal Bhujal Yojana: Aims to improve
    groundwater management and promote
    sustainable groundwater practices in
    identified priority areas.
    National Water Mission: Part of the
    National Action Plan on Climate
    Change, focusing on water conservation,
    minimizing wastage, and ensuring
    equitable distribution of water.
23. Education is crucial for India’s growth
    and socio-economic development as it
    empowers individuals with skills,
    knowledge, and critical thinking abilities
    needed for economic productivity and
    innovation. It reduces poverty by
    enhancing employment opportunities
    and income levels. Education also
    promotes social equality and inclusivity
    by empowering marginalized
    communities and promoting gender
    equality. It fosters civic engagement and
    contributes to the development of a
    skilled workforce, essential for advancing
    industries and technological progress,
    thus driving overall national
    development.
    Picture Based Questions
24. Voter ID Card.
25. The voter ID card is used to verify a
    person’s identity and eligibility to vote
    in elections.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. public facility
26. Five-Year
27. acute water, electricity shortages
28. Brazil
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. a

A. 1. a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. 5. c.
B. 1. Marginalisation

2. Marginalisation 3. caste
3. Untouchables/Dalits
4. education, caste system
5. illiteracy, ignorance
6. reservation 8. adivasis
7. urbanisation, industrialisation
8. language, script
   C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
   D. 1. d. 2. c. 3. e. 4. b. 5. a.
   E. 1.
   • Marginalisation – A situation of
   discrimination against a particular
   section of the society
   • Minorities – Those groups of
   people whose strength in the society
   is generally low and therefore they
   can be easily discriminated against.
9. The greatest cause of inequality in
   India is the age old system of caste
   that is based on hereditary occupation
   based on birth of a person.
10. The jobs assigned to the untouchables
    are that of a cobbler, scavenger,
    sweeper, leather work, funeral work
    and anything that was deemed as
    impure and polluting.
11. O d i s h a , M a d h y a P r a d e s h ,
    Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
    Jharkhand.
12. Several reasons have forced
    Adivasis (indigenous peoples) to
    move away from their lands:
    Development Projects: Large-scale
    infrastructure and industrial projects,
    such as dams, mining, and
    urbanization, often lead to
    d i s p l a c e m e n t o f A d i v a s i
    communities without adequate
    compensation or resettlement plans.
    Forest Conservation Policies:
    Government policies aimed at
    conservation restrict Adivasi access
    to forests, their traditional sources of
    livelihood, leading to displacement
    and loss of cultural heritage.
    Conflict and Violence: Armed
    conflict and violence between
    security forces, insurgents, or other
    groups in regions inhabited by
    Adivasis can force them to flee their
    homes for safety reasons.
    Land Grabbing: Encroachment by
    non-indigenous communities or
    corporate interests seeking resources
    often results in displacement and
    marginalisation of Adivasi
    communities, disrupting their way
    of life and traditional practices.
    F. 1. Tribals or the adivasis, are believed
    to be the original inhabitants of the
    country. Officially they are called
    the Scheduled Tribes (STs). Adivasis
    are not a homogenous group—with
    more than 200 tribes speaking over
    100 languages, which vary greatly
    in ethnicity and culture. They have
    lived mainly in forests, and many of
    them have lived for centuries
    maintaining their primitive lifestyle,
    without any interaction with modern
    civilisation.
13. C. K. Janu, an Adivasi activist, has
    pointed out that a few of the
    violaters of Constitutional Rights
    guaranteed to tribal people are
    governments in the various states of
    India—for it is they who allow non
    tribal encroachers in the form of
    timber merchants, paper mills, etc.
    to exploit tribal land and to forcibly
    evict tribal people from their
    traditional forests in the process of
    declaring forests as reserved or as
    sanctuaries.
14. Some Fundamental Rights that are
    beneficial for the marginalised
    groups are –
    • Right to Equality that prohibits any
    kind of discrimination and provides
    equal opportunity to all
    • Right against exploitation- which
    prohibits forced labour and work in
    hazardous environment
    • Cultural and educational rights- that
    aim to preserve the country’s rich
    cultural heritage and multiplicity
    • Right to Constitutional Remediesthat empowers people to seek
    enforcement of Fundamental Rights
    or their restoration
    • Right to Education- which entitles
    every child to a free and compulsory
    education till 14 years of age.
15. The Directive Principles of State
    Policy gives clear guidelines to the
    states regarding social justice and
    equal treatment of the people. it
    enforces the provision of Reservation
    as listed out by the government to
    benefit the marginalised sections of
    the society.
16. Reservation Policy in India is a
    process of reserving certain
    percentage of seats (maximum
    50%) for a certain class such as
    Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
    Backward classes, etc. in
    Government educational institutions,
    government jobs, etc. To ensure
    political participation of the
    marginalised sections, seats have
    been reserved for them in the central
    and state legislatures, and also in
    local government bodies. In
    government services, some
    percentage of the jobs are reserved
    for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
    Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
    G. 1. Dominant castes typically hold
    significant social, economic, and
    political power within their
    communities and society at large.
    They often enjoy privileges, access
    to resources, and influence over
    decision-making processes. In
    contrast, subordinate castes face
    social, economic, and political
    marginalisation, with limited access
    to resources, opportunities, and
    representation. Dominant castes
    may enforce social hierarchies and
    norms, while subordinate castes
    experience discrimination,
    exploitation, and barriers to social
    mobility. The dynamics between
    dominant and subordinate castes
    shape social relationships, access to
    education, employment, and political
    participation in complex ways
    within caste-based societies.
17. Marginalisation of Adivasi
    communities often stems from
    displacement due to development
    projects, loss of land rights, and
    limited access to education and
    healthcare. They face cultural
    erasure and economic exploitation,
    perpetuating their socio-economic
    disadvantage.
    Muslim communities experience
    marginalisation due to discrimination
    in employment, education, and
    housing, exacerbated by stereotypes
    and biases. They also face challenges
    in political representation and social
    integration, contributing to their
    socio-economic disparities.
    H. 1. The Criminal Tribes Act was passed
    by the British in 1871 to control and
    monitor communities they deemed
    as criminal tribes. It aimed to
    prevent crimes by these groups
    through registration, surveillance,
    and restricted movement. The Act
    reflected colonial prejudices and
    s t e r e o t y p e s a b o u t c e r t a i n
    communities, branding them as
    inherently criminal and justifying
    their social exclusion and
    stigmatization. It served British
    interests in maintaining law and
    order while reinforcing hierarchical
    control over marginalised groups,
    ultimately contributing to their
    socio-economic marginalisation and
    discrimination.
18. The adivasis are not considered a
    homogenous group because they
    vary greatly in terms of ethnicity
    and culture from place to place.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
19. b. 2. c.
    Hots
20. Because they are mostly in minority, are
    unable to raise their voice to protect their
    rights and hence are seen as vulnerable
    sections of the society.
21. Adivasi were forced to change their
    economic status, forest, and political
    policies by the public and private
    sectors. So they switched their jobs as
    workers in construction sites industries
    and domestic workers which forced
    them to leave the forest and its access.
    Picture Based Questions
22. Manual Scavenging
23. As untouchables.
24. Due to constant exposure to dust and
    dirt, manual scavengers often complain
    of asthma and malaria but do not have
    access to any medical assistance.
25. Strict implementation of laws: Ensuring
    strict implementation of laws that
    prohibit it to act as a deterrent for people
    engaging in this practice, awareness
    campaigns: Raising awareness among
    people about the health hazards
    associated with manual scavenging
    campaigns, workshops, and other
    awareness programs.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. marginalisation
26. Reservations
27. Right to Education Act
28. justice
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. a

A. 1. c. 2. b. 3. b. 4. d.
B. 1. legislature, executive

2. judiciary 3. financially
3. Supreme, lawyers 5. district
4. elders
5. Lok Adalats, social workers
6. Civil, criminal
7. President 10. Article 21
   C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T
   D. 1. c. 2. d. 3. a. 4. e. 5. b.
   E. 1. The primary function of the
   judiciary in India `is to ensure that
   there is rule of law and equal
   treatment by law and as a custodian
   of law, to see that people adhere to
   the laws.
8. The judiciary works at different
   levels. At each level, there is a
   network of courts.
   • Supreme Court
   • High Courts
   • Subordinate Courts
   • Revenue Courts
   • Nyaya Panchayats
   • Lok Adalats
9. Impeachment is a process through
   which people in high positions like
   the President or the Chief Justice of
   India can be removed from power
   through a procedure called
   impeachment.
10. Civil cases deal with matters such
    as property, marriage, inheritance
    and money.
11. Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
    Cases filed on behalf of or to
    safeguard the interests of the
    common people.
    F. 1. To ensure the independence of
    judiciary, the following steps have
    been taken-
    • The judges do not belong to any
    political party , instead a person
    must be a lawyer to become a judge
    • The position of the judge is
    permanent and till retirement. So a
    judge is able to work in a peaceful
    manner for long
    • Judiciary is not financially dependent
    on the executive or the legislature
    nor do these organs decide the
    remuneration of the judges
12. The powers of the Supreme Court
    are-
    • Original jurisdiction which says that
    some cases can be only heard in the
    Supreme court
    • Appellate jurisdiction which means
    that cases can travel from the lower
    courts to the higher courts in the
    verdict is not satisfactory
    • Advisory jurisdiction means that it
    has special advisory powers where
    even the President might seek an
    advise from the court or the court
    might advise the lower courts to
    function properly
    • Supervisory jurisdiction entails that
    it oversea and supervise the
    functioning of the lower courts
    • Court of record means that all the
    cases are recorded properly in case
    they need to be referred to in the
    future
13. If the verdict served by the lower
    court is not satisfactory then an
    appeal can be made from the lower
    court to the higher court for
    rehearing of the case.
14. The Chief Justice of the High Court
    is appointed by the President in
    consultation with the Chief Justice
    of India and the Governor of the
    state. The other judges are appointed
    keeping in mind the size of the state.
    If the state is big then more number
    of judges are appointed. They are
    appointed by the President in
    consultation with Chief Justice of
    India, the Governor of the state and
    the Chief Justice of the concerned
    High court.
15. In reality, accessibility to courts can
    be hindered by several factors:
    Cost Barriers: High legal fees,
    court costs, and expenses associated
    with litigation often prevent many
    from seeking legal recourse.
    Procedural Complexity: Complex
    legal procedures and bureaucratic
    hurdles may intimidate or confuse
    individuals attempting to navigate
    the legal system.
    Geographical Constraints:
    Unequal distribution of courts and
    legal services can limit physical
    access, especially in rural or
    underserved areas.
    Legal Representation: Lack of
    affordable or accessible legal
    representation can leave individuals
    without adequate support to present
    their case effectively.
    Social and Economic Disparities:
    Socioeconomic factors, including
    education levels, language barriers,
    and discrimination, can further
    marginalize certain groups, making
    it challenging for them to access
    justice on an equal footing.
    G. 1. Civil laws govern disputes between
    individuals or entities, focusing on
    resolving conflicts and enforcing
    private rights (e.g., contracts,
    property disputes). Criminal laws,
    on the other hand, regulate conduct
    deemed harmful to society,
    prosecuting offenders on behalf of
    the state for offenses like theft,
    assault, or murder. In civil cases, the
    aim is typically to provide
    compensation or enforce obligations,
    while criminal cases seek punishment
    and rehabilitation. The burden of
    proof in civil cases rests on the
    plaintiff, proving their case by a
    preponderance of evidence, whereas
    in criminal cases, the prosecution
    must prove guilt beyond a reasonable
    doubt.
16. The Supreme Court is the guardian
    of the Constitution and the highest
    court of appeal. The jurisdiction,
    functions and responsibilities of the
    Supreme Court are defined by the
    Constitution. It is located in New
    Delhi.
    High Courts are the highest courts
    at the state level. They function
    under the supervision of the Supreme
    Court.
    H. 1. We need judiciary to ensure justice
    and uphold the rule of law in
    society. It interprets and applies laws
    impartially, resolves disputes fairly,
    and protects individual rights and
    freedoms. The judiciary acts as a
    check on the executive and legislative
    branches, ensuring accountability
    and preventing abuse of power.
    Without a judiciary, there would be
    no mechanism to enforce laws,
    settle legal disputes, or safeguard
    fundamental rights.
17. The independence of the judiciary
    is crucial because:
    Checks and Balances: It allows the
    judiciary to act as a check on the
    executive and legislative branches,
    ensuring a separation of powers and
    preventing concentration of
    authority.
    Impartiality and Fairness: Judicial
    independence enables judges to
    make decisions based on law and
    evidence, free from undue influence
    or pressure, ensuring impartiality
    and fairness in legal proceedings.
    Protection of Rights: It safeguards
    fundamental rights and freedoms by
    enabling courts to uphold
    constitutional principles and rule on
    matters without interference from
    political or other external influences.
    Public Confidence: It fosters public
    trust in the legal system, as citizens
    believe their cases will be adjudicated
    fairly and without bias.
    Rule of Law: Judicial independence
    is essential for maintaining the rule
    of law, where laws are applied
    uniformly and consistently, and all
    individuals are equal before the law.
18. The Supreme Court of India is
    referred to as the guardian of the
    constitution due to several reasons:
    Constitutional Interpretation: It
    has the authority to interpret the
    Constitution and settle disputes
    arising from its interpretation,
    ensuring its principles and provisions
    are upheld.
    Protector of Fundamental Rights:
    The Supreme Court safeguards
    fundamental rights guaranteed by
    the Constitution, ensuring they are
    not violated by legislative or
    executive actions.
    Judicial Review: It exercises the
    power of judicial review, reviewing
    the constitutionality of laws and
    government actions to ensure they
    conform to the Constitution.
    Final Appellate Authority: As the
    highest court of appeal, its decisions
    set precedents that guide lower
    courts and clarify constitutional
    principles across the country.
    Defender of Democracy: By
    ensuring adherence to constitutional
    principles and democratic values,
    the Supreme Court plays a pivotal
    role in maintaining the integrity and
    stability of India’s democratic
    system.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
19. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    Ideally, all citizens of India can access
    the courts in this country. This implies
    that every citizen has a right to justice
    through the courts. Unfortunately, a
    vast majority of the poor find it
    difficult to access the courts. How do
    you think can economical and timely
    justice be provided to the poor?
    Ans – Economical and timely justice
    for the poor can be ensured through
    measures such as establishing more
    legal aid clinics and services in rural
    and urban areas, reducing or waiving
    court fees for those with limited
    financial means, simplifying legal
    procedures to make them more
    accessible, training more paralegals
    and community advocates, and
    promoting alternative dispute
    resolution mechanisms like mediation.
    These steps would help bridge the gap
    and ensure that all citizens, regardless
    of economic status, can access justice
    effectively.
    Hots
20. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the
    head of the judiciary of India and the
    Supreme Court of India. As head of the
    supreme court, the chief justice is
    responsible for the allocation of cases
    and appointment of constitutional
    benches which deal with important
    matters of law.
    Picture Based Questions
21. Statue of Justice
22. Apparently, its original significance was
    that the judicial system was tolerating
    abuse or ignorance of aspects of the law.
    However, in modern times, the blindfold
    represents the impartiality and objectivity
    of the law and that it doesn’t let outside
    factors, such as politics, wealth or fame,
    influence its decisions.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. independence
23. Supreme Court of India
24. two
25. Revenue
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. d 2. d 3. c 4. a