E. Answer the following questions
1. Define the term ‘Constitution’.
A Constitution is the supreme law of a country. It lays down the rules and principles according to which a country is governed. It defines the powers of the government, the rights and duties of citizens, and the relationship between the government and the people.
2. What do you know about the Constituent Assembly?
The Constituent Assembly was the body of elected representatives that framed the Constitution of India. It was formed in 1946 and had 389 members (later reduced to 299 after partition). Dr. Rajendra Prasad was its President, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the Drafting Committee. The Assembly took 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to complete the Constitution, which was finally adopted on 26th November 1949.
3. What is the significance of 26th January?
26th January is celebrated as Republic Day because the Constitution of India came into force on this day in 1950. This date was chosen to honour 26th January 1930, when the Indian National Congress had declared “Purna Swaraj” (Complete Independence) as its goal. From this day, India became a sovereign democratic republic.
4. Explain the significance of the Preamble of our Constitution.
The Preamble is the introduction or preface to the Constitution. It is often called the “soul” of the Constitution because it:
- States the source of authority of the Constitution — the people of India.
- Declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.
- Lists the objectives — Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.
- Helps in understanding the true spirit and purpose behind the Constitution.
5. Briefly mention the features of:
(a) Sovereign State
A sovereign state is one that is free from external control. India makes its own laws and decisions, and no outside power (like another country or foreign body) can dictate its internal or external policies.
(b) Socialist State
A socialist state works to reduce inequality between the rich and the poor. It aims to ensure fair distribution of wealth and resources so that everyone gets equal opportunities to grow and live with dignity.
(c) Secular State
A secular state has no official religion. It treats all religions equally and does not favour or discriminate against any religion. Every citizen has the freedom to follow, practice, and propagate the religion of their choice.
6. Examine the ideals and objectives of the Constitution of Bharat with reference to the following:
(a) Equality
The Constitution ensures that all citizens are equal before the law. It abolishes discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Equality of status and opportunity is guaranteed to every citizen, along with special provisions for the upliftment of weaker sections of society.
(b) Liberty
Liberty means freedom for citizens to think, express, believe, and worship as they choose. The Constitution guarantees liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship, while ensuring that this freedom does not harm others or disturb public order.