A. 1. a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. 5. c.
B. 1. Marginalisation
- Marginalisation 3. caste
- Untouchables/Dalits
- education, caste system
- illiteracy, ignorance
- reservation 8. adivasis
- urbanisation, industrialisation
- language, script
C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F
D. 1. d. 2. c. 3. e. 4. b. 5. a.
E. 1.
• Marginalisation – A situation of
discrimination against a particular
section of the society
• Minorities – Those groups of
people whose strength in the society
is generally low and therefore they
can be easily discriminated against. - The greatest cause of inequality in
India is the age old system of caste
that is based on hereditary occupation
based on birth of a person. - The jobs assigned to the untouchables
are that of a cobbler, scavenger,
sweeper, leather work, funeral work
and anything that was deemed as
impure and polluting. - O d i s h a , M a d h y a P r a d e s h ,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Jharkhand. - Several reasons have forced
Adivasis (indigenous peoples) to
move away from their lands:
Development Projects: Large-scale
infrastructure and industrial projects,
such as dams, mining, and
urbanization, often lead to
d i s p l a c e m e n t o f A d i v a s i
communities without adequate
compensation or resettlement plans.
Forest Conservation Policies:
Government policies aimed at
conservation restrict Adivasi access
to forests, their traditional sources of
livelihood, leading to displacement
and loss of cultural heritage.
Conflict and Violence: Armed
conflict and violence between
security forces, insurgents, or other
groups in regions inhabited by
Adivasis can force them to flee their
homes for safety reasons.
Land Grabbing: Encroachment by
non-indigenous communities or
corporate interests seeking resources
often results in displacement and
marginalisation of Adivasi
communities, disrupting their way
of life and traditional practices.
F. 1. Tribals or the adivasis, are believed
to be the original inhabitants of the
country. Officially they are called
the Scheduled Tribes (STs). Adivasis
are not a homogenous group—with
more than 200 tribes speaking over
100 languages, which vary greatly
in ethnicity and culture. They have
lived mainly in forests, and many of
them have lived for centuries
maintaining their primitive lifestyle,
without any interaction with modern
civilisation. - C. K. Janu, an Adivasi activist, has
pointed out that a few of the
violaters of Constitutional Rights
guaranteed to tribal people are
governments in the various states of
India—for it is they who allow non
tribal encroachers in the form of
timber merchants, paper mills, etc.
to exploit tribal land and to forcibly
evict tribal people from their
traditional forests in the process of
declaring forests as reserved or as
sanctuaries. - Some Fundamental Rights that are
beneficial for the marginalised
groups are –
• Right to Equality that prohibits any
kind of discrimination and provides
equal opportunity to all
• Right against exploitation- which
prohibits forced labour and work in
hazardous environment
• Cultural and educational rights- that
aim to preserve the country’s rich
cultural heritage and multiplicity
• Right to Constitutional Remediesthat empowers people to seek
enforcement of Fundamental Rights
or their restoration
• Right to Education- which entitles
every child to a free and compulsory
education till 14 years of age. - The Directive Principles of State
Policy gives clear guidelines to the
states regarding social justice and
equal treatment of the people. it
enforces the provision of Reservation
as listed out by the government to
benefit the marginalised sections of
the society. - Reservation Policy in India is a
process of reserving certain
percentage of seats (maximum
50%) for a certain class such as
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
Backward classes, etc. in
Government educational institutions,
government jobs, etc. To ensure
political participation of the
marginalised sections, seats have
been reserved for them in the central
and state legislatures, and also in
local government bodies. In
government services, some
percentage of the jobs are reserved
for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
Tribes and Other Backward Classes.
G. 1. Dominant castes typically hold
significant social, economic, and
political power within their
communities and society at large.
They often enjoy privileges, access
to resources, and influence over
decision-making processes. In
contrast, subordinate castes face
social, economic, and political
marginalisation, with limited access
to resources, opportunities, and
representation. Dominant castes
may enforce social hierarchies and
norms, while subordinate castes
experience discrimination,
exploitation, and barriers to social
mobility. The dynamics between
dominant and subordinate castes
shape social relationships, access to
education, employment, and political
participation in complex ways
within caste-based societies. - Marginalisation of Adivasi
communities often stems from
displacement due to development
projects, loss of land rights, and
limited access to education and
healthcare. They face cultural
erasure and economic exploitation,
perpetuating their socio-economic
disadvantage.
Muslim communities experience
marginalisation due to discrimination
in employment, education, and
housing, exacerbated by stereotypes
and biases. They also face challenges
in political representation and social
integration, contributing to their
socio-economic disparities.
H. 1. The Criminal Tribes Act was passed
by the British in 1871 to control and
monitor communities they deemed
as criminal tribes. It aimed to
prevent crimes by these groups
through registration, surveillance,
and restricted movement. The Act
reflected colonial prejudices and
s t e r e o t y p e s a b o u t c e r t a i n
communities, branding them as
inherently criminal and justifying
their social exclusion and
stigmatization. It served British
interests in maintaining law and
order while reinforcing hierarchical
control over marginalised groups,
ultimately contributing to their
socio-economic marginalisation and
discrimination. - The adivasis are not considered a
homogenous group because they
vary greatly in terms of ethnicity
and culture from place to place.
DO AND LEARN
Assertion And Reasoning - b. 2. c.
Hots - Because they are mostly in minority, are
unable to raise their voice to protect their
rights and hence are seen as vulnerable
sections of the society. - Adivasi were forced to change their
economic status, forest, and political
policies by the public and private
sectors. So they switched their jobs as
workers in construction sites industries
and domestic workers which forced
them to leave the forest and its access.
Picture Based Questions - Manual Scavenging
- As untouchables.
- Due to constant exposure to dust and
dirt, manual scavengers often complain
of asthma and malaria but do not have
access to any medical assistance. - Strict implementation of laws: Ensuring
strict implementation of laws that
prohibit it to act as a deterrent for people
engaging in this practice, awareness
campaigns: Raising awareness among
people about the health hazards
associated with manual scavenging
campaigns, workshops, and other
awareness programs.
WORKSHEET
A. 1. marginalisation - Reservations
- Right to Education Act
- justice
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
C. 1. d 2. c 3. c 4. a