A. 1. a. 2. a. 3. a. 4. c. 5. d.
B. 1. social justice
- labours, less
- Constitution 4. consumers
- Bhopal Gas Tragedy
- Equal Remuneration
- Delhi 8. 1980
- banned 10. 1984
C. 1. c. 2. d. 3. b. 4. e. 5. a.
D. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. F
E. 1. It is the duty of the government to
enact some laws so that such
exploitation does not take place. All
the people should get equal treatment
in the society and should be
subjected to the same laws. Such a
situation in which there is no
discrimination in the society is
called social justice. - The Bhopal disaster brought the
issue of environment to the forefront:
Several thousands of persons who
were not associated with the factory
in any way were greatly affected
because of the poisonous gases
leaked from the plant. - Provisions of Minimum Wages Act
are –
• Equal pay for equal type of work
• Regular revision of the minimum
wages
• Regulations regarding working
hours, overtime as well as weekly
holidays and overtime wages. - This Act provides for the elderly
who cannot maintain themselves
and makes their maintenance by the
family a legal right for them. - It was launched after the Bhopal gas
tragedy when the central government
made provisions to check industrial
pollution through regulations.
F. 1. They were facing the problem of
being underpaid and overworked by
their employers. With this Act,
regulations were brought regarding
the condition of their service,
working hours, leaves and holidays. - The laws that protect women from
domestic violence is The Protection
of Women from Domestic Violence
Act, 2005. It provides protection to
the female members from any kind
of violence by the members of the
family. - The areas where the children below
the age of 14 years cannot be
employed are work in a catering
establishment at a railway station,
within the ports, work relating to
seing of crackers and fireworks,
automobile shops and garages,
handling of inflammable objects,
mines and collieries and in plastic
and fibre glassworkshops. - It was introduced to raise the levels
of awareness among the consumers
as well as for the protection o f their
rights. For the same, special
consumer courts were formed to
deal with cases regarding the
grievances of the consumers. - Court orders on environmental
issues can sometimes delay
infrastructure projects, affecting
economic development and job
creation. To mitigate these effects,
courts can expedite hearings,
provide clear guidelines, and
encourage stakeholder consultations.
Additionally, promoting sustainable
practices, investing in green
technologies, enforcing strict
environmental regulations, and
fostering public awareness are
essential to ensure a safe and
healthy environment while
respecting legal decisions.
G. 1. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 The
Equal Remuneration Act provides
for the payment of equal wages to
men and women workers. The Act
states that an employer is bound to
pay equal remuneration to men and
women workers for work of a
similar nature. This Act is a major
step towards eradicating exploitation
of women. - Labour laws primarily govern the
relationship between employers and
employees, regulating aspects such
as working conditions, wages,
benefits, and industrial disputes.
These laws ensure fair treatment,
safe working environments, and
rights like minimum wage and
working hours.
Welfare laws, on the other hand,
focus on the well-being and social
security of individuals within
society. They encompass various
social welfare programs and schemes
aimed at improving the quality of
life, providing assistance to
vulnerable groups such as children,
elderly, disabled, and economically
disadvantaged individuals.
In summary, while labour laws
specifically regulate the dynamics
between employers and employees
in the workplace, welfare laws
extend beyond labor relations to
encompass broader societal concerns
related to social security, health,
education, and overall welfare.
H. 1. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was a manmade disaster due to human errors
and negligence. It resulted from
safety lapses at the Union Carbide
pesticide plant, including inadequate
maintenance, poor safety protocols,
and mishandling of hazardous
chemicals like methyl isocyanate
(MIC). Regulatory oversight failures
and insufficient emergency
preparedness further exacerbated the
impact, highlighting the disaster’s
preventable nature. - Cleaning the environment is the key
to the existence and survival of life
on planet Earth. Maintaining a clean
environment reduces pollution,
preserves our biosphere, protects
endangered species, and helps
preserve the Earth’s natural
resources.
DO AND LEARN
Assertion And Reasoning - a. 2. a.
Application/Competency Based Question
Why is it the task of the government to
provide welfare measures to its people?
What will happen if it stopped giving
welfare measures?
Ans – It is the task of the government
because the government is supposed to
be an accountable and a welfare
government enjoying the mandate of the
people.
The government provides welfare
measures to ensure social justice, reduce
poverty, and promote overall well-being.
If welfare measures were stopped,
vulnerable populations would suffer
from increased poverty, inequality, and
social unrest. Essential services like
healthcare, education, and social
security would be compromised,
impacting economic stability and public
health. Additionally, without welfare
support, societal cohesion could weaken,
leading to greater disparities and
challenges in achieving long-term
development goals.
Hots - The purpose of minimum wages is to
protect workers against unduly low pay.
They help ensure a just and equitable
share of the fruits of progress to all, and
a minimum living wage to all who are
employed and in need of such protection. - Because there is population explosion in
India with shortage of resources to even
educate the people. So it is not difficult
to find cheap and abundant labourers
here. - It means that despite the law, the
problem has not been eradicated. This
is because of extreme poverty and
widening of the gap between the rich
and the poor so in a poor family all the
mouths to feed must have all the hands
to work as well.
Picture Based Questions - Motor vehicles.
- Carbon Monoxide
- Electric vehicle
- Government reduced the subsidy for two
wheelers after June 1st. This scheme is
launched by the government to give a
boost to electric vehicles.
WORKSHEET
A. 1. Minimum Wages Act - Plantation Labour Act
- Equal Remuneration
- Smoking
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
C. 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. a
PERIODIC ASSESSMENT 2
A. 1. Constitution 2. 21 - Discriminations
- original, Scheduled Tribes (STs)
- Highways 6. Government
- poor, Illiterate rights
- District Commission, State
Commission
B. 1. The coming of the British significantly
impacted the Adivasis (indigenous
tribes) in India. It led to displacement
from their traditional lands due to
forest laws and commercial
exploitation. Adivasis faced cultural
marginalization, loss of autonomy,
and exploitation as cheap laborers in
colonial industries and plantations. - Displacement from land: The
industrialization has been one of the
primary reasons for the displacement
of the tribals from their land. The loss
of land means loss of livelihood.
Tribal economy has largely been
dependent upon land based activities. - Judicial review is the power of courts
to review the constitutionality of
legislative and executive actions,
ensuring they comply with
constitutional principles and rights. - In rural areas, people often resolve
their problems through community
elders’ mediation, local panchayats
(village councils), and informal
justice systems. These methods rely
on consensus-building, traditional
customs, and locally accepted norms
to address disputes and maintain
social harmony. - The budget helps the government in
financial planning and expenditure by
outlining revenue sources and
estimating expenditures across
various sectors. It allocates funds to
prioritize developmental goals,
infrastructure projects, social welfare
programs, and defense expenditures,
ensuring efficient use of resources
and fiscal discipline. Additionally, the
budget serves as a tool for transparency
and accountability in government
spending. - The government is required to
facilitate the provision of basic
amenities like water, healthcare,
electricity, roads, public transportation,
schools, colleges, and universities for
its citizens. Such amenities are
collectively referred to as public
facilities. - Despite the government guaranteeing
the Right to Equality to all citizens,
marginalized groups such as Dalits
(Scheduled Castes), Adivasis
(Scheduled Tribes), women, religious
minorities, often face violations of
this right. - This Act makes it legally obliging for
adult children and heirs to provide for
parents by way of a monthly
allowance. This Act provides an
inexpensive and speedy procedure to
claim monthly maintenance for
parents and senior citizens. According
to this Act, parents could mean
biological, adoptive or step-parents.
C. 1. Adivasis are becoming increasingly
marginalized because firstly, they
follow a different culture, language
and traditions from mainstream
Indian society which leads us to
wrongfully classify them as exotic,
primitive and backward.
Adivasis (indigenous tribes) in India
are often marginalized due to historical
and systemic factors. They face
displacement from their ancestral
lands due to development projects
and forest conservation laws, limiting
their access to resources and traditional
livelihoods. Social discrimination and
lack of political representation
contribute to their marginalization,
exacerbating poverty, educational
disparities, and health inequalities.
Limited access to basic amenities and
employment opportunities further
perpetuate their socio-economic
disadvantage, despite constitutional
protections and affirmative action
measures aimed at their upliftment. - Provisions in the Indian Constitution
that ensure the independence of the
judiciary include:
Security of Tenure: Judges of the
Supreme Court and High Courts have
security of tenure, meaning they
cannot be easily removed from office
e x c e p t t h r o u g h a r i g o r o u s
impeachment process.
Appointment Process: The Constitution
provides for a procedure for the
appointment of judges that involves
consultation between the judiciary,
executive, and senior members of the
legal profession to safeguard against
executive interference.
urisdiction: The judiciary has the
power to interpret the Constitution
and strike down any law or executive
action that is inconsistent with its
provisions, ensuring its autonomy
and authority.
Separation of Powers: The doctrine
of separation of powers ensures that
the judiciary operates independently
from the legislature and executive,
maintaining checks and balances in
governance. - The government has taken many
steps to help our country develop
economically.
• In agriculture, they provide farmers
with better seeds, fertilizers, and
techniques to grow more food. This
helps to increase food production and
improve farmers’ incomes. In
industries, the government helps
small businesses by giving them
loans and supporting them with
schemes to start new factories and
create more jobs for people.
• For education, they build schools and
make sure children can go to school
for free to become skilled and find
good jobs in the future.
• The government also builds roads,
bridges, and other infrastructure to
make it easier for goods to be
transported and for people to travel,
which helps businesses and
communities grow.
These steps together help our country
grow and make life better for
everyone. - Labour refers to agricultural workers
working in the field of the other
farmers,or workers in factories, or
casual labourers in construction sites
or those who carry load. They need
laws for their protection so that
exploitation at the workplace does
not occur.
PRACTICE PAPER 1
A. 1. a. 2. d. 3. b. 4. b. 5. a. - a. 7. a. 8. b. 9. c. 10. c.
B. 1. resource - dairy farming 3. portugese
- 6
- Vice President
- intercropping 7. deciduous
- threatened 9. 1664
- 1756
C. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T - F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F
D. 1. d. 2. e. 3. f. 4. a. 5. c. 6. b.
E. 1. Mangal Pandey, Rani Laxmi Bai,
Tipu Sultan, Mahatma Gandhi,
Nana Phadnis - Under the Subsidiary Alliance
System used by Lord Wellesley,
every ruler in India had to accept to
pay a subsidy to the British for the
maintenance of the British army. In
return, the British would protect them
from their enemies which gave
British enormous expansion. - During the British administration,
major forms of communication
among different branches included
postal services, telegraph networks,
and official dispatches via
messengers or couriers. - The tribal revolt, also known as the
Sepoy Mutiny or Indian Rebellion
of 1857, featured widespread
discontent among Indian soldiers
(sepoys) and civilians against
British rule. Main features included
mutinies by Indian troops, uprisings
across North India, and the siege of
British-held cities like Delhi. It was
characterized by a mix of grievances
including economic, social, and
religious factors, leading to a
significant challenge to British
authority in India. - CITES (the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is
an international agreement between
governments. Its aim is to ensure
that international trade in specimens
of wild animals and plants does not
threaten the survival of the species. - Hemis National Park, Desert
National Park - Laterite soil is rich in aluminum and
iron, formed in wet and hot tropical
areas. Almost all laterites are rusty
red due to the presence of iron
oxides. It is prepared by the longlasting and intensive weathering of
the parent rock. - Dissent plays a crucial role in
d e m o c r a c y b y e n s u r i n g
accountability, fostering debate, and
promoting social progress. It allows
for the expression of diverse
perspectives and challenges the
status quo, leading to betterinformed decision-making.
Moreover, dissent serves as a check
on power, preventing authoritarian
tendencies and promoting
transparency in governance.
Ultimately, it strengthens democratic
institutions by encouraging citizen
participation and protecting civil
liberties. - This right is enshrined in Article 19
of the Constitution, and it guarantees
citizens of India the following
freedoms: freedom of speech and
expression, freedom of assembly,
freedom to form associations or
unions, freedom to move freely
throughout the country, and freedom
to reside in any part of the country. - A Parliamentary government is a
democratic administration in which
the government is formed by the
political party that obtains the most
seats in the legislature or Parliament
during the federal election. This
majority party selects a leader to be
Prime Minister or Chancellor.
F. 1. The British referred to the period
before their rule in India as the
“Mughal Period” because it was
dominated by the Mughal Empire,
which was one of the most significant
and powerful empires in Indian
history. - Birsa’s untimely death and the trial
that followed of the 300 other
Mundas who had been arrested,
became national news, and the
struggle forced the British to enact
the landmark Chotanagpur Tenancy
Act in 1908, which restricted the
transfer of Adivasi land to nonAdivasis. - Greenhouse gases are primarily
formed through human activities
such as burning fossil fuels (coal,
oil, natural gas) for energy
production, transportation, and
industrial processes. Agriculture,
particularly livestock farming and
rice paddies, releases methane.
Nitrous oxide is emitted from
agricultural activities and industrial
p r o c e s s e s . A d d i t i o n a l l y,
deforestation and land-use changes
contribute by reducing the Earth’s
capacity to absorb these gases,
exacerbating their atmospheric
accumulation and the greenhouse
effect. - Drip irrigation is the slow release of
water to each plant to conserve
water and prevent soil run-off with
too much of water.
Drip irrigation is beneficial in
agriculture for several reasons. It
delivers water directly to the roots
of plants, minimizing evaporation
and runoff compared to traditional
irrigation methods. This efficiency
conserves water and reduces the
overall water usage in farming. It
also enhances crop yield and quality
by providing a controlled and
consistent supply of water and
nutrients to the plants, leading to
healthier growth and better crop
management. Additionally, drip
irrigation can help in controlling soil
erosion and weed growth, making it
a sustainable and environmentally
friendly option for modern
agriculture. - It reduces soil erosion and flood
hazards by collecting rainwater and
reducing the flow of stormwater to
prevent urban flooding. Most
buildings that utilize rainwater
harvesting systems have a built-in
catchment area on top of the roof,
which has a capacity of collecting
large volumes of water in case of
rainstorms. - The Rajya Sabha should consist of
not more than 250 members – 238
members representing the States and
Union Territories, and 12 members
nominated by the President. Rajya
Sabha is a permanent body and is
not subject to dissolution. - The President is the Supreme
Commander of the Indian Armed
Forces. Only the president can
declare war or conclude peace, on
the advice of the Union Council of
Ministers headed by the prime
minister. All important treaties and
contracts are made in the president’s
name. - The Supreme Court of India has
several powers crucial to its role in
the judicial system. It is the highest
judicial authority in the country,
with the power of judicial review to
ensure laws and actions conform to
the Constitution. The Court has
original jurisdiction in disputes
between the Union and states or
between states. It can issue writs for
enforcement of fundamental rights
and hears appeals from lower courts
and tribunals. Its decisions are
binding on all courts and authorities
within India, making it a pivotal
institution for upholding justice and
interpreting constitutional matters.
PRACTICE PAPER 2
A. 1. c. 2. a. 3. c. 4. a. 5. a. - b. 7. a. 8. c. 9. a. 10. a.
B. 1. Anglicists - The Tata Iron and Steel Company
- Malaysia
- Mediterranean 5. Europe
- Educational
- Uttar Pradesh
- plantation workers
- Pulse Polio 10. 2005
C. 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T - T 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. F
D. 1. d. 2. f. 3. b. 4. e. 5. a. - c.
E. 1. The traditional system of education
in India emphasized classical
languages, scriptures, and religious
teachings, focusing on memorization
and oral transmission. In contrast,
the modern system introduced by
the British in the 19th century
emphasized English language
proficiency, scientific knowledge,
and practical subjects like
mathematics and science. It
promoted standardized curriculum,
textbooks, and examinations, aiming
to produce a workforce suited for
administrative and clerical roles
under colonial rule. This shift also
led to the establishment of schools
and universities that blended Western
and indigenous educational practices. - Subhas Chandra Bose (also called
Neta ji) is known for his role in
India’s independence movement. A
participant of the non cooperation
movement and a leader of the Indian
National Congress, he was part of
the more militant wing and known
for his advocacy of socialist policies.
He gave his army the slogan of
Delhi Chalo and the salutation of Jai
Hind, which became the source of
inspiration to Azad Hind Fauj (or
Indian National Army). - Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the
founder and first governor-general
(1947–48) of Pakistan. He is revered
as the father of Pakistan. Jinnah was
a key figure in the movement for
Indian Muslim independence and
played a pivotal role in the partition
of India in 1947. - Major food crops grown in India are
rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea,
coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton
and jute, etc. - Atmospheric Conditions for
Growth of Millet and sorghum
crops:
• Temperature: The average
temperature required for this crop is
25° to 30°C.
• Rainfall: Millet needs about 40 cm
to 50 cm of rainfall. It grows well
in arid areas.
• Soil: Light sandy soils to red and
yellow loamy soils are suitable for
millet cultivation. - Industries that uses large machinery
to produce metal, coal, vehicles, etc. - Textile making includes five
processes—ginning of the fibre,
carding or combing, spinning of the
yarn, weaving of the cloth and
dyeing and printing the fabric. - In Supervisory jurisdiction, the
Supreme Court oversees and
supervises the functioning of the
lower courts. - Reservations in India were
introduced: To rectify the past and
historical injustice against the
backward classes in India. To ensure
that equal representation can be seen
from people belonging to all castes
in the services under the state and
centre. To provide an equal platform
for everyone irrespective of their
caste. Reservation is enshrined in
the constitution to ensure social
justice and equality by providing
opportunities to historically
disadvantaged groups such as
Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled
Tribes (ST), and Other Backward
Classes (OBCs). It aims to address
historical discrimination, promote
representation in education and
employment, and uplift marginalized
communities. Constitutional
provisions safeguard reservation
policies from being easily overturned,
ensuring their continuity and
effectiveness in achieving inclusive
development. - National program for health care of
the elderly. The programme is State
oriented and basic thrust of the
programme is to provide dedicated
health care facilities to the senior
citizens at various levels of primary,
secondary and tertiary health care.
F. 1. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, also
known as Frontier Gandhi, was a
prominent Pashtun independence
activist and a close associate of
Mahatma Gandhi. He played a
significant role in the Civil
Disobedience Movement by
mobilizing the Pashtun community
in the North-West Frontier Province
(now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan) against British colonial
rule. Khan advocated for nonviolent
resistance and led the Khudai
Khidmatgar (“Servants of God”)
movement, which participated
actively in protests, boycotts, and
demonstrations during the struggle
for India’s independence. - There were many factors that
accounted for the Revolt of 1857.
Most significant among these are
described here.
Discontent of Former Ruling
Families – The British policies of
annexation and conquest demoralised
many Indian rulers and chiefs.
Policies such as Subsidiary Alliance
and the Doctrine of Lapse particularly
infused a sense of deprivation and
discontent in their minds.
Discontent of Peasants and
Artisans – The policy of economic
exploitation followed by the British
affected all sections of Indian
society. Due to high revenue
demands and ruthless system of
revenue collection, life of the
peasants became miserable.
Discontented Sepoys – The sepoys
or Indian soldiers formed about
seven-eighth of the total British
troops in India. But they were often
subjected to discriminatory
provisions and rules by their British
superiors.
Colonial Initiatives for Social
Reform – During the British rule, a
number of legislations were passed
to stop various negative social
practices. These legislations or laws
included those relating to the
abolition of Sati, legalisation of
widow remarriage and the extension
of western education to women.
Policy of Racial and Cultural
Discrimination – A large section of
the British colonial authorities
believed that they were racially and
culturally superior to the Indians.
Their discriminatory administrative
policies and practices reflected their
racial arrogance. - The conditions for optimal growth
of wheat and rice differ due to their
different ecological requirements:
Water Requirements: Rice
requires standing water, typically in
flooded paddies, whereas wheat
grows best in well-drained soil with
moderate water levels.
Temperature: Rice thrives in warm
and humid conditions, with
temperatures around 25-35°C
during the growing season. Wheat
prefers cooler temperatures, around
15-25°C, and is often grown in
regions with distinct seasons.
Soil Type: Rice grows well in
clayey or loamy soils that retain
water, while wheat prefers welldrained loamy or sandy soils.
Nutrient Requirements: Rice
requires higher levels of nitrogen
and phosphorus due to its aquatic
growth conditions. Wheat also
needs nitrogen but can tolerate
lower soil fertility levels compared
to rice.
Growth Habit: Rice is a semiaquatic plant that can tolerate
flooding, while wheat is a terrestrial
plant that grows above ground level. - Based on ownership, industries can
be classified as public sector, private
sector, or joint sector. Public
industries are owned and run by the
government, whereas private
industries are run and owned by
private enterprises. Joint sectors are
run as a collaboration between the
government and private parties. - Indian agriculture faces challenges
including erratic rainfall, inadequate
irrigation, soil degradation, diverse
cultivation methods, improper crop
techniques, and diminishing arable
land. - The government’s assistance can
encourage private industrialists to
undertake new projects by reducing
the risk they face. Thus, the
diversification of the industrial
structure with governmental
assistance enables the learning
process to continue without being
subject to diminishing returns. - Big cities face scarcity of water and
electricity due to several reasons:
Growing Population: Rapid
urbanization leads to increased
demand for water and electricity,
exceeding supply capacities.
Infrastructure Deficiencies: Aging
or inadequate infrastructure for
water supply and electricity
distribution cannot keep pace with
urban growth.
Climate Change: Changing
weather patterns affect water
availability and energy generation,
leading to shortages during droughts
or extreme weather events.
Inefficient Use: High levels of
wastage and inefficient use of water
and electricity exacerbate scarcity
issues.
Administrative Challenges: Poor
governance, inadequate planning,
and regulatory hurdles can hinder
effective management and
distribution of resources in urban
areas. - Directive Principles of State Policy
(DPSP) are guidelines or principles
laid down in Part IV of the
Constitution of India. They provide
a framework for governance and
policy-making by directing the state
to ensure social, economic, and
political justice for all citizens.
Unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III
of the Constitution), which are
enforceable by courts, DPSP are
non-justiciable in nature, meaning
they are not legally enforceable but
are moral obligations upon the state.
DPSP encompass a wide range of
principles, including provisions for
securing just and humane conditions
of work, equal pay for equal work,
protection of the environment,
promotion of educational and
cultural interests, and striving
towards a welfare state. They reflect
the socio-economic ideals and
aspirations of the Indian Constitution
makers and aim to guide state policy
towards achieving a just and
equitable society.
While not legally binding, DPSP
serve as a moral and political
compass for governance and policymaking, encouraging lawmakers
and governments to strive towards
achieving the goals set out in these
principles while formulating laws
and policies for the welfare of the
people.