A. 1. b. 2. a. 3. c. 4. d. 5. c.
B. 1. discipline 2. discriminatory

3. Public Opinion, media
4. Illiteracy
5. free, compulsory 6. people
6. power 8. 1968
7. poor 10. Land
   C. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
   D. 1. c. 2. e. 3. b. 4. a. 5. d.
   E. 1. India became independent, leaders
   who drafted the Constitution wanted
   to ensure that there would be no
   arbitrary laws in the country. All the
   people in independent India would
   be equal before the law and would
   be subjected to equal laws.
8. Right to education ensures every
   individual has access to quality
   education without discrimination. This
   right aims to promote equal
   opportunities, empower individuals,
   and enhance social and economic
   development. It encompasses free and
   compulsory primary education for all,
   as well as access to higher education
   based on merit. Governments are
   responsible for ensuring the fulfillment
   of this right for all citizens.
9. The government is forced to take
   some strong decisions and pass
   unpopular or controversial laws,
   which might be beneficial for one
   section of the society, which might
   be essential for preserving peace in
   the society. Public protests against
   such laws might also be curbed by
   strong measures, even by using
   police force.
10. The Rowlatt Act was considered an
    ordinary law because it was passed
    through the legislative process of the
    Imperial Legislative Council in
    British India. It aimed to empower
    the government to detain individuals
    without trial, aiming to curb
    revolutionary activities perceived as
    threatening during the post-World
    War I period. Despite its controversial
    nature and widespread opposition, it
    followed established legal procedures
    for enactment at the time.
11. By the end of the 19th century, the
    Indian legal profession also began
    emerging and demanded respect in
    colonial courts. They began to use
    law to defend the legal rights of
    Indians. Indian judges also began to
    play a greater role in making
    decisions. When India was under
    the British rule, people of the
    country were subjected to many
    discriminatory policies and laws.
    For example, through the Doctrine
    of Lapse, the British government
    could annex any Indian state if the
    king of that state died and did not
    have a son of his own. The
    Vernacular Press Act, 1878 stated
    that only newspapers in Indian
    languages would face scrutiny and
    certain restrictions by the
    government. Such restrictions were
    not imposed on the English
    newspapers. Similarly, the 1919
    Rowlatt Act authorised the British
    government to imprison any person
    suspected of terrorism, without trial.
    A peaceful protest meeting against
    this Act led to the infamous
    Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. We
    have also studied about the Salt Law
    banning the production of salt by
    Indians, and Gandhiji’s Dandi
    March, to protest against this law.
    F. 1. By rule of law we mean absence of
    arbitrary laws in the country,
    equality before law in the country
    and equal treatment by the law of
    the land. These principles are a part
    of the Indian Constitution. It is
    needed in our country because
    during the colonial times, people
    w e r e s u b j e c t e d t o m a n y
    discriminatory laws and though
    there were laws, these did not
    promote equality among the people.
    In order to not repeat this, rule of
    law was consciously created in the
    country after independence.
12. While making laws, the following
    things are kept in mind-
    • Needs of the people who have to
    live with those laws
    • Changing socio- economic scenario
    of the country
    • Ability to make new laws and
    modify the older ones
    • Laws should be based on public
    opinion of the people and in the
    greater interest of all.
13. The provisions of the Right to
    Education are-
    • Adoption and implementation of the
    Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan aimed at
    universalisation of elementary
    education
    • Free and compulsory education for
    children aged 6 to 14 years The
    NCERT was set up with the
    objective to advise the Union and
    the State governments on education
    policy.
14. NPE stands for National Policy on
    Education and it was created to
    ensure free and compulsory
    education for all children up to the
    age of 14 years. It also called for
    equaisation of educational
    opportunity, especially for women,
    scheduled tribes and castes. To
    achieve this scholarships, adult
    education, recruitment for more
    teachers from the marginalized
    communities, incentives for sending
    children to school regularly and new
    institutions were developed.
15. Unpopular and controversial laws
    are often opposed by the people
    through various means:
    PublicProtest:Mass demonstrations,
    rallies, and marches are organized to
    express dissent and pressure
    lawmakers to reconsider or repeal
    the law.
    Legal Challenges: Individuals or
    organizations may challenge the law
    in courts, arguing its constitutionality
    or violation of rights.
    Civil Disobedience: Nonviolent
    resistance and refusal to comply
    with the law can highlight its
    unpopularity and moral objections.
    Media and Public Opinion:
    Criticism and debates in media
    platforms, social media, and public
    forums raise awareness and mobilize
    public opinion against the law.
    Political Action: Opposition parties
    and activists may campaign against
    the law, aiming to change it through
    legislative processes or elections.
    G. 1. The Right to Information (RTI) Act
    came into effect from October 2005.
    The Act states that any citizen may
    seek information from a ‘public
    authority’ (a government body) and
    is entitled to receive a reply within
    30 days.
    Act or Right to Education (RTE)
    Act, was enacted by the parliament.
    Right to education ensures every
    individual has access to quality
    education without discrimination.
16. Before elections in a democracy,
    citizens engage primarily through
    advocacy, protests, and public
    discourse to influence policies and
    raise awareness. They scrutinize
    candidates’ platforms and participate
    in campaigns to shape political
    agendas. After elections, citizens
    continue to play a crucial role by
    holding elected officials accountable
    through activism, lobbying, and
    public pressure. They monitor
    government actions, provide
    feedback, and participate in policymaking processes through
    consultations and community
    engagement, ensuring their voices
    continue to shape democratic
    governance beyond election day.
    H 1. People may reject laws passed by
    Parliament due to perceived
    unfairness or inequality, concerns
    about infringement of rights or
    freedoms, lack of consultation or
    transparency in the legislative
    process, and divergence from public
    opinion or societal values. Such
    laws can provoke public outcry,
    legal challenges, civil disobedience,
    and calls for reform or repeal,
    reflecting a disconnect between
    lawmakers and the broader
    population.
17. Laws are basic rules and guidelines
    for living in the society. If everyone
    starts to live in his own way, they
    would turn into something like
    animals living in the wild jungle.
    This is why any civilized society
    frames some laws and then it has to
    have its own system to enforce the
    laws and bring the defaulters to
    book. Once the society frames the
    laws they should be applicable to all
    irrespective of caste, creed, economic
    or political power.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
18. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    The law applies equally to all. However
    there are certain problems that do not
    allow the common man to access the
    courts. What are they?
    Ans – Certain barriers prevent the
    common man from accessing courts
    equally:
    Financial Constraints: Legal fees,
    court costs, and expenses associated
    with litigation can be prohibitive for
    individuals with limited financial
    means.
    Complex Legal Procedures:
    Complicated legal processes and
    technicalities may deter individuals
    without legal expertise from navigating
    the system effectively.
    Geographical Access: Limited
    availability of courts and legal services
    in rural or remote areas can pose
    challenges for access to justice.
    Language and Literacy: Language
    barriers and low literacy levels can
    hinder understanding of legal documents
    and proceedings.
    Hots
19. Yes, it is true that people’s will is an
    essential part of the lawmaking process
    in a democratic system. In democratic
    societies, laws are ideally crafted to
    reflect the needs, values, and aspirations
    of the people they govern. Elected
    representatives are expected to consider
    public opinion, engage with constituents,
    and respond to the concerns and
    priorities expressed by the electorate.
    Public participation through voting,
    advocacy, public consultations, and
    feedback mechanisms ensures that laws
    are more representative and reflective of
    the collective will of the people.
    Therefore, the legitimacy and
    effectiveness of laws often hinge on
    their alignment with the public’s consent
    and support.
20. The Right to Information Act is
    considered landmark legislation in the
    fight against corruption. This act gives
    citizens the power to question public
    authorities and their work, thereby
    promoting transparency and demanding
    accountability.
    Picture Based Questions
21. 2009
22. Maharajganj
23. The motive of MAJDOOR KISAN
    SEWA SAMITI is to promote agriculture,
    aged/elderly, health and family welfare,
    human rights, rural development and
    poverty alleviation in Uttar Pradesh.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. equal
24. citizens, media
25. Right to Education Act
26. Laws
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T
    C. 1. d 2. c 3. d 4. a
    PERIODIC ASSESSMENT 1
    A. 1. one hundred 2. Federal
27. Secularism
28. Directive Principles 5. Council
29. Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha
30. British, trial 8. RTI
    B. 1. A republic country is where the head
    of a particular state is an elected
    person and not someone from a
    hereditary monarch. India is known
    as a republic country because the
    people of India elect the head of the
    state government. It is also
    incorporated in the Constitution of
    India.
31. The Universal Adult Franchise refers
    that all citizens who are 18 years and
    above irrespective of their caste or
    education, religion, color, race, and
    economic conditions are free to vote.
    In a democracy, a universal adult
    franchise is important, as it is based
    on the idea of equality.
32. It is important to separate state from
    religion to prevent domination of the
    majority religious group and violation
    of Fundamental Rights. Every
    individual has the freedom to
    embrace other religions and has the
    freedom to interpret other religions
    differently.
33. In a secular society, ideals include the
    neutrality of the state in matters of
    religion, ensuring equal rights and
    freedoms for individuals of all faiths
    and beliefs, and promoting tolerance
    and respect for diverse religious and
    non-religious viewpoints.
34. In India, laws are made by the
    Parliament at the central level and by
    the State Legislatures at the state
    level. The Parliament consists of the
    President and two houses: the Lok
    Sabha (House of the People) and the
    Rajya Sabha (Council of States).
35. In India, people adopt various
    methods to demand new laws or
    change existing laws:
    Petitions and Representations: Citizens
    and organizations can submit
    p e t i t i o n s , m e m o r a n d a , o r
    r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o e l e c t e d
    representatives, government bodies,
    or legislative committees advocating
    for legislative changes.
    Protests and Demonstrations: Mass
    movements, rallies, protests, and
    demonstrations are organized to raise
    awareness and pressure lawmakers to
    enact new laws or amend existing
    ones.
    Legal Challenges: Individuals or
    groups can challenge laws in courts
    through public interest litigation
    (PIL) or judicial review, seeking
    judicial intervention to declare laws
    unconstitutional or to interpret laws
    in a manner that aligns with public
    interest.
    Lobbying and Advocacy: Interest
    groups, industry associations, and
    civil society organizations engage in
    lobbying efforts to influence
    lawmakers and policymakers in favor
    of specific legislative changes.
    Media and Public Campaigns: Media
    campaigns, social media activism,
    and public awareness initiatives are
    used to mobilize public opinion,
    garner support, and generate
    momentum for legislative reforms.
    These methods contribute to the
    democratic process by empowering
    citizens to participate actively in
    shaping laws and policies that affect
    their lives and communities.
36. Members of the Lok Sabha are
    elected by an adult universal suffrage
    and a first-past-the-post system to
    r e p r e s e n t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e
    constituencies, and they hold their
    seats for five years or until the body
    is dissolved by the President on the
    advice of the council of ministers.
37. The President is indirectly elected by
    an electoral college comprising both
    houses of the Parliament of India and
    the legislative assemblies of each of
    India’s states and territories, who
    themselves are all directly elected by
    the citizens.
    C. 1. The Fundamental Duties enshrined in
    the Constitution of India include:
    • To abide by the Constitution and
    respect its ideals and institutions.
    • To cherish and follow the noble ideals
    that inspired the national struggle for
    freedom.
    • To uphold and protect the sovereignty,
    unity, and integrity of India.
    • To defend the country and render
    national service when called upon.
    • To promote harmony and the spirit of
    common brotherhood among all the
    people of India transcending religious,
    linguistic, and regional or sectional
    diversities.
38. The Right to Equality, enshrined in
    Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian
    Constitution, ensures that all citizens
    are treated equally before the law and
    prohibits discrimination based on
    religion, race, caste, sex, or place of
    birth. It guarantees equal opportunity
    in public employment, prohibits titles
    of nobility, and ensures equality in
    access to public places. This
    fundamental right aims to promote
    social justice, prevent discrimination,
    and create a more equitable society
    in India.
39. The Parliament of India, consisting of
    the President and two houses, the Lok
    Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, performs
    several crucial functions. It enacts
    laws on subjects within its jurisdiction,
    discusses and debates important
    national issues, and scrutinizes the
    functioning of the government
    through parliamentary committees.
    The Parliament also approves the
    budget, passes financial bills, and
    exercises control over finances. It
    plays a pivotal role in shaping
    policies, representing diverse interests
    of the people, and ensuring
    accountability and transparency in
    governance through parliamentary
    sessions and proceedings.
40. Laws are amended or framed at
    regular intervals to ensure they
    remain relevant and effective in
    addressing evolving societal needs,
    challenges, and aspirations.
    Amendments help incorporate new
    k n o w l e d g e , t e c h n o l o g i c a l
    advancements, and changing
    circumstances that may impact legal
    frameworks. Regular updates also
    enable laws to reflect shifts in public
    opinion, address emerging issues,
    close loopholes, and enhance clarity
    and enforceability. This process
    ensures that legal systems adapt to
    societal progress, uphold justice, and
    maintain credibility and legitimacy in
    governance.

A. 1. a. 2. c. 3. d. 4. c. 5. d.
B. 1. members 2. Lok sabha

3. Constituencies
4. Vice-President
5. Finance minister
6. President, Prime Minister
7. Parliament 8. President
8. Prime Minister
9. collective responsibility
   C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F
   D. 1. b. 2. e. 3. a. 4. d. 5. c.
   E. 1. Division of power is ensured
   between the centre and the states by
   the three lists on which they have
   the jurisdiction to make laws
   namely the central list, the state list
   and the concurrent list.
10. The minister and his/her ministry
    have to resign in such a case
    because of the clause of collective
    responsibility.
11. The Prime Minister can use his/her
    discretion over disposal of two
    national funds,
    (i) the Prime Minister’s National
    Relief Fund, and
    (ii) the National Defence Fund used
    to provide relief to the families
    of those killed in natural
    calamities such as floods,
    cyclones, and earthquakes and
    to victims of major accidents
    and riots.
12. Portfolios are the different
    departments and they are assigned
    by the Prime Minister of the country
    the different ministers in his/her
    council.
13. The Rajya Sabha is also called the
    Council of States. It is the upper
    house of parliament. Members of
    the Rajya Sabha are not directly
    elected by the people.
    F. 1. It means that the members of the
    Indian executive are also the
    members of the Parliament or the
    legislature and hence they are
    controlled by the legislature because
    in order to stay in the Parliament,
    they have to enjoy the confidence
    of the house.
14. The executive powers of the
    President of the country are –
    • Appointment of the Prime Minister,
    the central council of ministers on
    the Prime Minister’s advice, judges
    of the Supreme Court and high
    courts and governors of the states.
    • He/she is the supreme commander
    of the defence forces.
    • He/she can pardon and reduce the
    sentence of a person sentenced by
    the court. Any death penalty can be
    pardoned by the President.
    • President appoints the Election
    Commissioners and the Comptroller
    and Auditor General and looks after
    the administration of the Union
    Territories.
    • In case of failure of the government
    machinery in a particular state, the
    President imposes his/her rule over
    that state.
    • He/she can proclaim a state of
    emergency in case the country’s
    security is threatened by war or
    external aggression or any other
    rebellion.
15. Role of parliament in proper
    functioning of the government are
    as followes:–
    Legislative Function
    • The parliament makes laws for the
    country. All laws are introduced as
    bills in the parliament. After
    approval by both the houses, the bill
    becomes a law.
    Financial Function
    • The government imposes taxes on
    the people. Money collected through
    taxes are utilised to execute its
    w e l f a r e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t
    programmes. If the government
    wants to introduce any new taxes, it
    has to get the approval of the Lok
    Sabha.
    Debates
    • All issues of national importance are
    debated in the parliament. In the
    Question Hour, the opposition can
    question the government on any
    issue, and the government is bound
    to give a response or answer.
    Constituent Function
    • The parliament can make changes
    or amendments to the Constitution.
    However, all the amendments are
    valid only after they have been
    approved by both houses of the
    parliament.
    Electoral Function
    • The parliament performs some
    electoral functions like electing the
    president and the vice-president of
    India.
    Control of the Executive
    • The parliament keeps a check on the
    powers of the government. All the
    policies of the government have to
    be approved by it. If the parliament
    is not happy with the working of the
    government, it can pass a
    no-confidence motion against the
    government.
16. The Council of Ministers work as a
    team, along with the Prime Minister
    on the principle of collective
    responsibility. They are jointly
    responsible to the Parliament for
    any decision taken by them. This
    means that if a minister loses the
    faith of the opposition, the opposition
    can initiate a non confidence motion
    against the government and if the
    government fails to defend the
    motion then the entire council of
    ministers will have to resign.
17. The party that wins the maximum
    number of seats forms the
    government. Members belonging to
    other political parties form the
    opposition. Opposition parties in a
    parliamentary system are political
    entities that hold views and policies
    differing from those of the ruling
    party or coalition. Their primary role
    is to provide constructive criticism
    and scrutiny of government policies
    and actions. They serve as a check
    on the ruling party’s power, ensuring
    accountability and transparency in
    governance. Opposition parties also
    offer alternative policies and
    solutions, promoting debate and
    discussion in legislative bodies.
    Their presence is crucial for
    maintaining a healthy democracy by
    representing diverse viewpoints and
    interests of the electorate that may
    not align with the ruling party’s
    agenda.
    G. 1. Lok Sabha
    Lok Sabha is also known as the
    House of the People. It is the lower
    house of the parliament. The
    members of the Lok Sabha are
    elected directly by the people
    through elections. The total number
    of members in the parliament is 552.
    530 members are elected by the
    people of different states and 20
    members are elected by the people
    of the union territories.
    Rajya Sabha
    The Rajya Sabha is also called the
    Council of States. It is the upper
    house of parliament. Members of
    the Rajya Sabha are not directly
    elected by the people. There are 250
    members. 12 members, distinguished
    in the fields of art, literature, science
    and social services are nominated by
    the president. They are known as
    nominated members.
18. The union list has subjects of national
    importance on which we need a
    uniform policy throughout the
    country. Defence, foreign affairs,
    banking, communication and currency
    are included in the union list.
    The state list contains subjects of
    state and local importance, on which
    the state government makes laws.
    Police, trade, commerce, agriculture
    and irrigation are included in the
    state list.
    H. 1. The Prime Minister is often called
    the real head of the government
    because he/she-
    • Selects the members who are a part
    of the Council of Ministers
    • Allocates the portfolios or
    departments to the different
    departments of the government
    • Presides over the meetings of the
    council of ministers and is also the
    chief decision maker
    • Is the Chairperson of the National
    Planning Commission which is
    instrumental in the economic
    advancement of the country
    • Acts as a link between the President
    and the Council of Ministers relating
    to the administration of the country
    • Represents the country in high level
    meetings and international
    organizations that require the
    attendance of the person who holds
    the highest government office
    • Heads two important funds- the
    Prime Minister’s National Relief
    funds and the National Defence
    Fund.
19. We say that Indian government is a
    Parliamentary form of government
    as the framers chose it because they
    realised that the success of
    democracy depends on the
    participation of the people in the
    governance of the country. It is these
    representatives of the people who
    form the government. In the
    Parliamentary form of government
    the executive is a member of the
    Parliament which keeps a check on
    the powers of the executive. Also
    Parliamentary form of government
    is the model that we have understood
    the best as it was also the type of
    government of the British masters.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
20. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    Suppose you are given a chance to be
    a part of the Lok Sabha for a day,
    what changes would you like to bring
    in the current political system of India
    with the help of a bill.
    Ans – Do it yourself
    Hots
21. Because under certain specific condition,
    one can be denied the Right to Vote.
    These conditions are if the voter has a
    criminal record or is mentally unfit, then
    he/she may not be allowed to cast his/
    her vote.
22. Secrecy is important in the process of
    casting votes because democracy
    functions on secret ballot. If there is no
    secrecy then the voter might face a threat
    to his/her life from the different political
    parties that clamour for its votes.
    Picture Based Questions
23. Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Pt.
    Jawaharlal Nehru.
24. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the 1st Prime
    Minister of India. Dr. Sarvepalli
    Radhakrishnan was 2nd President of
    India.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. parliament
25. legislature
26. federal
27. bureaucracy
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T
    C. 1. d 2. c 3. d 4. a

A. 1. a. 2. a. 3. c. 4. a. 5. b.
B. 1. citizens

2. police
3. vote, contest
4. religion
5. treatment, opportunity
6. speech, expression
7. children, child labour
8. freedom
9. women
10. individual, collective
    C. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T
    D. 1. b. 2. c. 3. e. 4. a. 5. d.
    E. 1. Right to equality is an important
    Fundamental Right that ensures that
    every citizen of the country should
    get equal treatment without
    discrimination on the basis of caste,
    creed, sex, race, religion. The right
    is important as it abolishes the
    practice of untouchability which is
    an age old practice in India.
11. Objectives of Secular State
    • Ensuring religious freedom by
    allowing individuals to practice any
    religion or none at all without
    interference from the state.
    • Maintaining neutrality in religious
    matters, thereby treating all religions
    equally and avoiding favoritism or
    discrimination based on religious
    grounds.
    • Separating religious institutions
    from governmental affairs to
    prevent religious influence on state
    policies and decisions, fostering a
    society where governance is
    independent of religious doctrines or
    beliefs.
12. Fundamental rights are different
    from Fundamental duties as the
    former is what the citizens of the
    country are entitled to and the latter
    is what are the duties that the
    citizens need to perform because
    they are members of the country.
13. In Indian secularism, the State can
    intervene in religious affairs to
    ensure social justice and uphold
    constitutional values. For example,
    the Indian government has enacted
    laws to outlaw practices like triple
    talaq (instant divorce) among
    Muslims, aiming to protect the
    rights and dignity of women
    regardless of religious traditions.
    Such interventions demonstrate the
    state’s role in safeguarding
    fundamental rights and ensuring
    equality under the law, even within
    religious communities.
14. Three practices that the Indian State
    follows to declare itself a secular
    state include:
    Equal treatment of all religions:
    The Indian Constitution prohibits
    discrimination based on religion and
    ensures equal rights and opportunities
    for all citizens, regardless of their
    religious beliefs.
    Freedom of religion: India
    guarantees its citizens the freedom
    to profess, practice, and propagate
    any religion or belief, ensuring
    individuals can freely observe their
    faith without state interference.
    Separation of religion and state:
    The Indian State maintains a secular
    stance by not aligning itself with
    any specific religion, keeping
    religious institutions independent
    from governmental affairs and
    policies.
    F. 1. Separating religion from the State is
    crucial to uphold democratic principles
    and ensure equal treatment for all
    citizens. It prevents religious biases
    from influencing public policies,
    fostering a fair and inclusive society.
    For instance, countries like Iran and
    Saudi Arabia, where religious laws
    govern state affairs, often restrict
    individual freedoms and rights,
    particularly for minorities and dissenters.
    Conversely, secular states like India
    and the United States protect religious
    freedom while maintaining governance
    independent of religious doctrine,
    promoting diversity and harmony
    among citizens of different faiths.
15. The freedoms that are guaranteed
    under the Right to Freedom are

• Freedom of speech and expression
  • Freedom to assemble peacefully and
  without arms
  • Freedom to form associations and
  unions
  • Freedom to move freely throughout
  the country
  • Freedom to reside and settle in any
  part of the country
  • Freedom to practice any profession
  or carry on any occupation or trade.

2. The Right to Constitutional
   Remedies is surrendered only in the
   case of a national emergency.
3. Directive Principles of State Policy
   are the directives or guidelines that
   are given to the states for them to
   follow in order to become better.
   They are different from the
   Fundamental Rights because they
   cannot be enforced by the law while
   the Fundamental Rights, if suspended
   can be contested in the court of law
   and returned to the citizen.
4. The Indian State prevents religious
   domination through several
   measures:
   Secular Constitution: Ensuring
   laws and policies are not based on
   religious principles but uphold the
   secular ethos of the constitution.
   Equal Treatment: Guaranteeing
   equal rights and opportunities for all
   citizens regardless of religion,
   thereby preventing any community
   from dominating others.
   Legal Safeguards: Enforcing laws
   against discrimination based on
   religion, such as anti-conversion
   laws and laws protecting religious
   minorities.
   Educational Initiatives: Promoting
   secular education that emphasizes
   tolerance and respect for all religions.
   State Neutrality: Maintaining
   neutrality in religious matters,
   avoiding favoritism towards any
   particular religion in government
   policies and decisions.
   G. 1. The Right to Equality ensures that
   every citizen of the country gets
   equal treatment, without any
   discrimination on the basis of caste,
   creed, sex, race or religion.
   The Right to Freedom encompasses
   the liberty to speak, express,
   assemble peacefully, and move
   freely within the bounds of the law,
   ensuring individual autonomy and
   democratic participation.
5. Fundamental Duties are moral
   obligations outlined in the Indian
   Constitution for citizens to uphold
   the integrity and sovereignty of the
   nation, whereas Directive Principles
   of State Policy are guidelines for the
   government to pursue social justice
   and welfare. Duties are enforceable
   through legislation and courts,
   emphasizing civic responsibilities,
   while Directive Principles are non
   justiciable ideals, providing a
   framework for legislative and
   executive action in shaping policies
   for a just society.
6. There is one significant way in
   which Indian secularism differs
   from the dominant understanding of
   secularism as practised in the United
   States of America. This is because
   unlike the strict separation between
   religion and the State in American
   secularism, in Indian secularism the
   State can intervene in religious
   affairs.
   H. 1. Fundamental Rights are given to
   every citizen because they are basic
   human rights without which one’s
   personality may not develop fully.
7. Citizens should have the right
   against exploitation to ensure their
   dignity and well-being are protected.
   This right empowers individuals to
   seek redressal against unfair labor
   practices, human trafficking, and
   other forms of exploitation. It
   promotes equality and social justice
   by prohibiting any form of forced
   labor or abuse of vulnerable groups.
   By upholding this right, governments
   can foster a society where all
   individuals can live and work
   without fear of exploitation or
   coercion.
   DO AND LEARN
   Assertion And Reasoning
8. c. 2. a.
   Application/Competency Based Question
   The Indian government does not have
   the right to interfere in the religious
   affairs of any individual. Why do you
   think it is the case?
   Ans – The Indian government is
   constitutionally bound to uphold
   secularism, which mandates a
   separation of religion and state. This
   ensures that no individual’s religious
   beliefs or practices are dictated or
   interfered with by the government.
   Freedom of religion is a fundamental
   right guaranteed to all Indian citizens,
   allowing them to practice, propagate,
   and profess any religion of their
   choice without state intervention. This
   principle safeguards diversity and
   promotes harmony among India’s
   culturally rich and varied religious
   communities. Any government
   interference would violate these
   constitutional provisions and
9. SECULARISM
   undermine the democratic fabric of the
   nation.
   Hots
10. Sovereign: Sovereignty means that India
    has the power to govern itself without
    any external interference. This is
    important for India’s identity as it
    ensures the country’s independence and
    autonomy.
11. They were treated differently because
    since ancient times, they were treated as
    people whose opinion did not matter.
    This second class citizen treatment has
    kept them away from being a part of
    any political process for long.
    Picture Based Questions
12. Religions of India.
13. Secularism
    Activity
    S M N C M A C O Y Z
    E R O H I M O U C M
    C I T I Z E N D T L
    U M B L O M S R D N
    L N Y D U A T M I O
    A M I N O R I T Y B
    R O E L E C T I O N
    I
    L B A D C U M D M
    S L I B E R T Y I C
    M C U O O E I L D M
    A M N U I E O T R B
    T
    Z Y R M D N L Z O
14. 
    CITIZEN
15. CHILD
16. CONSTITUTION
17. MINORITY
18. LIBERTY
19. LABOUR
20. ELECTION
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Secularism
21. six Fundamental Rights
22. Constitution
23. Liberty
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. a

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A. Multiple Choice Questions

1.

Answer: a

2.

Answer: d

3.

Answer: d

4.

Answer: c

5.

Answer: d

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B. Fill in the Blanks

1.

Answer: written, governed

2.

Answer: India ruined economically, socially

3.

Answer: democracy, right

4.

Answer: Untouchability, female foeticide

5.

Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

6.

Answer: values, principles

7.

Answer: parliamentary

8.

Answer: secular

9.

Answer: Fundamental Duties

10.

Answer: displeasure

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C. True or False

1.

Answer: True

2.

Answer: False

3.

Answer: False

4.

Answer: True

5.

Answer: False

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D. Match the Following

1.

Answer: b

2.

Answer: c

3.

Answer: e

4.

Answer: a

5.

Answer: d

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E. Short Answer Type Questions

1. What do you mean by Sovereignty?

Answer: Sovereignty means that a country has full power to make its own decisions without any outside control. For example, India can make its own laws and choose its leaders because it is a sovereign nation.

2. What do you understand by dissent in a democracy?

Answer: Dissent in a democracy means peacefully expressing disagreement with a law or government decision. For example, people might hold a peaceful march to protest a new rule they think is unfair, showing their opinion while respecting the law.

3. Why is it important to bring in Constitutional Amendments from time to time?

Answer: Constitutional Amendments are important because society changes over time, and new needs arise. For example, adding the Right to Education in 2002 ensured free schooling for children, keeping the Constitution relevant and fair.

4. Why do we need laws in a country?

Answer: Laws are needed to keep a country organized, safe, and fair. They maintain order, protect people’s rights, and remove injustices, like ensuring everyone gets equal treatment regardless of caste or religion.

5. What do you understand by an Amendment?

Answer: An Amendment is a change or addition to the Constitution. It helps update the Constitution to meet new challenges, like adding new rights or removing outdated rules.

F. Long Answer Type Questions

1. What is the purpose of a Constitution in a country?

Answer: The Constitution is like a rulebook for a country. Its purposes are:

• Guides the Government: It explains how the government should work, like making laws in Parliament.
• Protects Rights: It gives citizens rights, such as freedom to speak or study.
• Ensures Fairness: It promotes equality, so no one is treated unfairly due to caste, gender, or religion.
• Prevents Misuse of Power: It sets limits on the government to stop it from becoming too powerful.

For example, India’s Constitution ensures that leaders follow rules and citizens can live with dignity.

2. What was the objective of the Drafting Committee and who was its Chairman?

Answer: The Drafting Committee was formed to write India’s Constitution. Its objectives were:

• To create a fair and clear Constitution for independent India.
• To ensure it included rules for governance, rights, and equality.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. He is called the “Father of the Indian Constitution” because he worked hard to make it inclusive and just.

3. List the features of the Indian Constitution. Why did India choose the model of Federalism and Secularism while framing its Constitution?

Answer:

Features of the Indian Constitution:

• Preamble: Introduces the Constitution’s goals, like justice and equality.
• Sovereign: India makes its own decisions without foreign control.
• Democratic: People choose leaders through elections.
• Federal: Power is shared between the central government (Delhi) and states (like Karnataka).
• Secular: All religions are treated equally by the government.
• Fundamental Rights and Duties: Citizens have rights (e.g., freedom) and duties (e.g., respecting the flag).
• Parliamentary System: The government answers to Parliament.

Why Federalism?
India chose federalism to balance unity and diversity. With many states, languages, and cultures, federalism allows states like Tamil Nadu or Punjab to make local decisions while staying united under one nation.

Why Secularism?
India chose secularism to ensure peace among different religions, like Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. The government stays neutral, so no religion is favored, promoting equality and harmony.

4. Why is dissent important in a democratic country? Give some examples to prove it.

Answer: Dissent is important in a democracy because it allows people to share their opinions and improve laws. It ensures the government listens to citizens and makes fair decisions. Without dissent, unfair laws might stay unchanged.

Examples:

• Protest Against Reservation Policies: People peacefully protested to share their views on job and education quotas, leading to discussions in Parliament.
• Telangana State Formation: When Telangana was proposed as a new state, some groups protested to express concerns, helping shape the final decision.

Dissent, when peaceful, strengthens democracy by encouraging debate and fairness.

5. Discuss in detail the need for laws in a country.

Answer: Laws are essential for a country to function smoothly and fairly. Here’s why we need them:

• Maintain Order: Laws keep society organized, like traffic rules preventing accidents.
• Protect Rights: Laws ensure everyone enjoys rights, such as the right to education or equality.
• Remove Injustice: Laws fight discrimination, like banning untouchability to treat all castes equally.
• Promote Social Justice: Laws help weaker sections, such as laws giving free education to poor children.
• Prevent Exploitation: Laws stop powerful people from harming others, like labor laws protecting workers.

For example, without laws, richer groups might exploit poorer ones, and society would become unequal. Laws based on the Constitution ensure everyone gets justice and opportunities, making the country peaceful and fair.

G. Distinguish Between

1. Federalism and Secularism

Answer:

• Federalism: This is a system where power is divided between the central government and state governments. For example, the central government in Delhi makes laws for the whole country, while states like Kerala make local rules for schools or hospitals.
• Secularism: This means the government treats all religions equally and stays neutral in religious matters. For example, no religion is favored in government schools, ensuring fairness for Hindus, Muslims, and others.

2. Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties

Answer:

• Fundamental Rights: These are basic rights given to all citizens by the Constitution, like the right to equality, freedom to speak, or right to education. For example, you can go to court if someone stops you from studying.
• Fundamental Duties: These are responsibilities citizens must follow, like respecting the national flag, protecting the environment, or promoting harmony. For example, throwing garbage in rivers violates the duty to keep the environment clean.

H. Give Reasons

1. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar urged scheduled castes to join the government as well as the civil services.

Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar urged scheduled castes to join the government and civil services because:

• It would empower them to fight discrimination and gain respect in society.
• Their participation in jobs like IAS or IPS officers would give them a voice in decision-making.
• It would break caste barriers, as they could work alongside others and prove their abilities.

For example, by becoming officers, scheduled castes could help make fair policies for their communities.

2. The people of Nepal do not want to adhere to their previous Constitution.

Answer: The people of Nepal did not want to follow their previous Constitution because:

• It did not support the democratic ideals they fought for, like equality and people’s rule.
• It was outdated and did not reflect Nepal’s new identity as a democratic republic.

For example, after ending the monarchy, Nepalis wanted a Constitution that gave power to citizens, not kings, so they wrote a new one in 2015.

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