A. Fill in the blanks (8×1=8)

1. In 1883, _________ started the All-India National Conference at Calcutta.
Answer: Surendranath Banerjee

2. The ______ industries involve the processing of agricultural produce.
Answer: Agro-based

3. Before 1921, India witnessed a slow growth in population due to the large number of _____ and war.
Answer: epidemics

4. Use of plastic is ____ by law in many parts of the country.
Answer: banned

5. The _____ of India is the ex officio chairman of the planning commission.
Answer: Prime Minister

6. In a given society, minorities are more likely to face ____.
Answer: discrimination

7. Gandhi Ji launched ____ Movement by breaking the Salt Law at Dandi in 1930.
Answer: Civil Disobedience

8. In 1829, _____ the British Governor General passed an Act to ban the practice of ‘sati’.
Answer: Lord William Bentinck

B. Write True or False (8×1=8)

1. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it’.
Answer: True

2. Child marriage was declared illegal in 1872 largely due to the effort Brahmo Samaj.
Answer: False

3. In India the northern plains have the highest concentration of population.
Answer: True

4. Right to education is not a Fundamental Right.
Answer: False

5. Plantation workers are never unpaid or exploited by the employers.
Answer: False

6. The victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice within a few years.
Answer: False

7. B.R. Ambedkar belonged to the upper caste and established the ‘Bahiskrit Hitkarini Sabha’.
Answer: False

8. The group known as the Anglicists led by Macaulay did not like the version promoted by H. H. Wilson who led the Orientalist group.
Answer: True

C. Match the following (6×1=6)

1. Radhakrishnan Committee — c. Dr S Radhakrishnan

2. Vishwa Bharti University — e. Shantiniketan

3. Child Labour Act, 1986 — b. Children below 14 years

4. Military Commander of Amritsar — a. General Dyer

5. Dayanand Saraswati — f. Satyarth Prakash

6. Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana — d. 2005

D. One word / one sentence answers (8×1=8)

1. Who was the founder of Arya Samaj?
Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati

2. Who gave the salutation ‘Jai Hind’?
Answer: Subhas Chandra Bose

3. Which act protects women from domestic violence?
Answer: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

4. What is the aim of Consumer Protection Act, 1986?
Answer: To protect consumers from unfair trade practices and exploitation

5. Write the full form of NHPC.
Answer: National Hydroelectric Power Corporation

6. Who is regarded as the founder of Indian National Congress?
Answer: A.O. Hume

7. Which city is known as the auto capital of the world?
Answer: Detroit

8. Write the full form of NTPC.
Answer: National Thermal Power Corporation

E. Explain the terms (3×2=6)

1. What is Consumer?
Answer: A consumer is a person who purchases goods or services for personal use and not for resale.

2. What is TISCO?
Answer: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) is India’s first large-scale iron and steel industry, established in Jamshedpur.

3. What is Satyagraha?
Answer: Satyagraha is a method of non-violent resistance based on truth and moral force, introduced by Mahatma Gandhi.

F. Short Answer Type Questions (5×3=15)

1. What do you mean by social justice?
Answer: Social justice means a system in which all individuals have equal rights, equal opportunities, and are treated fairly without discrimination.

2. Who wrote Vande Mataram and when was it sung by the people?
Answer: Vande Mataram was written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and became popular during the Swadeshi Movement (1905).

3. Which areas provide iron ore and coal to TISCO?
Answer: Iron ore from Singhbhum (Jharkhand) and coal from Jharia (Jharkhand).

4. Who is C.K. Janu?
Answer: C.K. Janu is an Adivasi leader from Kerala who fought for tribal land rights.

5. What is budget?
Answer: A budget is an annual financial statement showing the estimated income and expenditure of the government.

G. Long Answer Type Questions (5×4=20)

1. Describe the laws that protect women from domestic violence and dowry.
Answer: The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 prohibits giving and taking dowry. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 protects women from physical, emotional, verbal, and economic abuse within the household. These laws ensure safety, dignity, and legal support for women.

2. What steps were adopted by Gandhi Ji to organise protest against the British?
Answer: Gandhi Ji used methods like Satyagraha, Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, boycott of foreign goods, promotion of Swadeshi, and mobilisation of masses to organise peaceful protest.

3. What is the contribution of John Eliot Drinkwater Bethune?
Answer: Bethune promoted girls’ education by establishing the Bethune School in Calcutta in 1849 and encouraging modern education for women.

4. How did Jamshedpur become the hub of economic activities?
Answer: Jamshedpur became an industrial hub due to TISCO, availability of raw materials (iron and coal), good transport, and planned industrial development.

5. Why and from whom did we adopt the Five-Year Plans?
Answer: India adopted Five-Year Plans from the Soviet Union (USSR) to ensure planned economic development, proper use of resources, and balanced growth.

H. Map-Based Questions (3×3=9)

a. Abhinav Bharat Society
Answer: Maharashtra (Nashik)

b. Union Carbide
Answer: Madhya Pradesh (Bhopal)

c. Vishwa Bharti University
Answer: West Bengal (Shantiniketan)

Rectangle Problem

Given:

$\text{One side} = 7\text{ cm}, \quad \text{Diagonal} = 25\text{ cm}$

Using Pythagoras’ Theorem:

$25^2 = 7^2 + x^2$

$625 = 49 + x^2$

$x^2 = 625 – 49 = 576$

$x = \sqrt{576} = 24$

1. What is respiration? Why is it important for living organisms?
Respiration is the process by which living organisms break down food using oxygen to release energy. This energy is needed for all life activities such as movement, growth, repair, and maintaining body functions. Without respiration, organisms cannot survive.

2. How do cells get oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide during respiration?
Cells get oxygen through breathing. Oxygen enters the lungs and is carried by blood to all cells. Carbon dioxide produced in cells is carried back by blood to the lungs and then removed from the body during exhalation.

3. How do plants respire? Where does gas exchange happen in plants?
Plants respire through tiny openings called stomata present on leaves. Gas exchange also happens through roots and stems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide is released through these parts.

4. What are the by-products of aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
In aerobic respiration, the by-products are carbon dioxide and water. In anaerobic respiration, the by-products may be alcohol (in yeast) or lactic acid (in muscles).

5. Why is proper root respiration important for plant growth?
Roots need oxygen for respiration to absorb water and minerals from the soil. If roots do not get enough oxygen, the plant cannot grow properly and may die.

1. Explain the process of breathing in simple words.
Breathing is the process of taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide. When we inhale, air enters through the nose and goes into the lungs. The lungs expand and take in oxygen. When we exhale, carbon dioxide is removed from the body. This process continues all the time to keep us alive.

2. Differentiate between breathing and respiration.
Breathing: It is a physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. It happens in the lungs.
Respiration: It is a chemical process that takes place inside cells where food is broken down to release energy.
Breathing is only a part of respiration.

3. Describe the special breathing organs in insects, aquatic animals and mammals.
Insects breathe through tiny tubes called tracheae.
Aquatic animals like fish use gills to take oxygen from water.
Mammals, including humans, breathe through lungs which help in gas exchange.

4. What are the parts of the human respiratory system and what roles do they play?
The main parts are:
Nose: Takes in air and filters dust.
Trachea (windpipe): Carries air to lungs.
Lungs: Help in exchange of gases.
Diaphragm: Helps in breathing by moving up and down.
Each part works together to ensure oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is removed.

5. What are aerobic and anaerobic respiration? How are they different?
Aerobic respiration: It takes place in the presence of oxygen and releases a large amount of energy. The end products are carbon dioxide and water.
Anaerobic respiration: It occurs without oxygen and releases less energy. The end products may be alcohol or lactic acid.
The main difference is the presence or absence of oxygen and the amount of energy released.