Category: Class-8 Geography

A. 1. d. 2. b. 3. c. 4. a. 5. a.
B. 1. resources

2. good education, training
3. Japan, few 4. Asia, 50
4. high 6. facilities, low
5. planning 8. health, old
6. female 10. epidemics
   C. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
   D. 1. b. 2. c. 3. e. 4. a. 5. d.
   E. 1. The percentage of a country’s
   population in different age groups is
   called age structure.
7. The factors that have led to slower
   development of Asian and African
   countries are high birth rate and low
   infant mortality rate that has led to
   a large group of population who are
   unproductive and dependent. They
   also have lower literacy rates with
   a long history of exploitation.
8. Sex ratio refers to the male-female
   ratio or percentage of males to
   females in the total population. It is
   calculated as the sex ratio, which is
   the number of females per thousand
   males.
9. The factors that assist the distribution
   and density of population are
   physical and non physical factors
   like socio-economic conditions and
   cultural factors like
   • Physical factors like relief, soil and
   climate
   • Economic factors like resources,
   industrial activities and urbanization
   and socio economic factors like
   culture, government policy and
   religion.
10. Density of population
    It means the number of people
    living per square in a region.
    Literacy rate
    The percentage of the total
    population that is able to read and
    write.
    F. 1. A population pyramid is a graphical
    representation that shows the age
    and gender distribution of a
    population. It typically has two
    back-to-back bar graphs, one for
    each gender, with age groups
    displayed vertically. The shape of
    the pyramid can indicate a
    population’s growth trends, fertility
    rates, and life expectancy. Expanding
    pyramids suggest high birth rates
    and rapid growth, while contracting
    pyramids indicate low birth rates
    and an aging population. This tool
    is essential for understanding
    demographic structures and planning
    for future resource needs.
11. The various problems that come up
    because of unchecked growth of
    population are
    • An age structure pyramid where the
    base is broad and shows that the
    maximum population is dependent
    and unproductive.
    • It can easily create problems with
    the sex composition in any country,
    like it has created in India where
    there is a skewed sex ratio.

• It can adversely affect the literacy
  levels as it may cause more pressure
  on the resources which are limited
  in supply.
  • It can also create problems with
  employment opportunities causing
  despair and unemployment among
  the youths.

2. The most populous states in India
   are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
   Bihar, West Bengal and Andhra
   Pradesh. The age pyramid for India
   indicates that we are somewhere
   between the developed and the
   developing countries as our working
   age group is increasing and our old
   age group is also increasing.
3. The socio cultural factors that affect
   the population of a place are

• Cultural centres like educational
  centres such as Oxford, Cambridge
  and Shantiniketan.
  • Government policy which influences
  movement of the people and their
  concentration in certain areas.
  • Religious centres like Mecca,
  Varanasi, Jerusalem etc which are
  also developed commercial centres
  and attract a huge population.

2. Migration significantly affects
   population change by altering the
   size and composition of populations
   in both origin and destination areas.
   When people move to new regions,
   they can cause population growth in
   destination areas while decreasing
   the population in their places of
   origin. Migration can also impact
   the demographic makeup,
   introducing diverse age groups, skill
   sets, and cultural backgrounds.
   Economic opportunities,
   environmental factors, and social
   conditions are common drivers of
   migration. Consequently, migration
   shapes labor markets, housing
   demands, and social dynamics in
   affected areas.
   G. 1. A population pyramid of a
   developed country typically has a
   more uniform shape, with relatively
   balanced age groups and a larger
   elderly population due to lower birth
   rates and higher life expectancy. In
   contrast, an undeveloped country’s
   population pyramid usually has a
   wide base, indicating high birth
   rates and a large proportion of
   young people, tapering quickly
   towards the top due to lower life
   expectancy and higher mortality
   rates. Developed countries often
   show slower population growth,
   while undeveloped countries exhibit
   rapid growth. The contrasting
   shapes reflect differences in
   healthcare, economic development,
   and social structures between these
   countries.
3. Thickly populated areas, such as
   urban cities, have high population
   densities due to factors like economic
   opportunities, better infrastructure,
   and access to services. These
   regions often feature significant
   housing, transportation networks,
   and commercial activities.
   Conversely, sparsely populated
   areas, such as rural or remote
   regions, have low population
   densities, influenced by harsh
   climates, challenging terrains, or
   limited resources. These areas
   typically have less developed
   infrastructure and fewer economic
   opportunities. The contrast between
   these regions highlights the impact
   of environmental, economic, and
   social factors on population
   distribution.
4. Birth rate The number of births per
   thousand population.
   Death rate The number of deaths
   per thousand population.
   H. 1. The global population distribution is
   highly uneven, with the majority of
   people concentrated in Asia,
   particularly in China and India.
   Urban areas, especially megacities,
   attract large populations due to
   better job opportunities and
   amenities. Conversely, regions like
   deserts, high mountains, and polar
   areas have sparse populations due to
   harsh living conditions. Economic,
   social, and environmental factors
   greatly influence where people live.
   Consequently, this uneven
   distribution creates significant
   challenges for resource allocation
   and development planning.
5. Because developing human
   resources will eventually lead to the
   development of all the other
   resources in the country.
   For any country in the world,
   resource development is closely
   associated with human development.
   DO AND LEARN
   Assertion And Reasoning
6. a. 2. b.
   Application/Competency Based Questions
7. As you have studied that human beings
   are one of the most important resources
   of development, yet overgrowing
   number of people prove to be a barrier
   in the growth and development of a
   nation. How?
   Ans – While human beings are vital for
   a nation’s development due to their
   skills, innovation, and labor, an
   overgrowing population can strain
   resources and infrastructure. High
   population growth can lead to
   unemployment, insufficient housing,
   and overburdened healthcare and
   education systems. It can exacerbate
   poverty and inequality, making it
   challenging to provide quality services
   to all citizens. Environmental degradation
   and depletion of natural resources may
   also result from excessive population
   pressure. Consequently, managing
   population growth is crucial for
   sustainable development and economic
   stability.
8. As it is evident in most of the developed
   countries, what is a standard measure of
   the fact that the population of a country
   is under control?
   Ans – A standard measure indicating
   that a country’s population is under
   control is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR),
   which reflects the average number of
   children born to a woman over her
   lifetime. In most developed countries, a
   TFR close to the replacement level of
   about 2.1 suggests stable population
   growth. Additionally, indicators such as
   a balanced age distribution, low infant
   mortality rates, and longer life expectancy
   are signs of effective population control.
   Stable or slow-growing population
   numbers, as seen in census data, further
   confirm that a country’s population is
   well-managed. These measures
   collectively indicate sustainable
   demographic trends.
   Hots
9. Because of remarkable changes in the
   medical sciences which reduced the
   death rate and increased life expectancy.
10. Because more humans in a country also
    means more pressure on resources to
    develop them so too much of human
    resource is not good for the development
    of the country.
11. The world population has grown rapidly
    due to significant improvements in
    healthcare, leading to lower mortality
    rates and longer life expectancy.
    Advances in agriculture and food
    production have reduced famine and
    improved nutrition. Industrialization and
    economic development have enhanced
    living standards and access to resources.
    High birth rates in many developing
    countries continue to contribute
    significantly to population growth.
    Additionally, better public health
    measures and medical innovations have
    curbed the spread of many diseases.
    Picture Based Questions
12. Birth rate and Date rate
13. Birth and death rates significantly
    impact a country’s employment status by
    influencing the size and age structure of
    the labor force. High birth rates can lead
    to a growing young population,
    eventually increasing the number of job
    seekers and potentially causing higher
    unemployment if job creation doesn’t
    keep pace. Conversely, low birth rates
    can result in an aging population,
    leading to labor shortages and increased
    dependency ratios. High death rates,
    particularly among working-age
    individuals, can reduce the available
    workforce and productivity. Balanced
    birth and death rates contribute to a
    stable labor market, supporting consistent
    economic growth and employment
    opportunities.
14. The ideal situation for sustainable
    development involves maintaining a
    birth rate and death rate that are
    balanced, leading to a stable or slowly
    growing population. A Total Fertility
    Rate (TFR) around the replacement level
    of 2.1 ensures a consistent labor force
    without overburdening resources. Low
    death rates, particularly due to improved
    healthcare, support a healthy, productive
    population. This balance helps prevent
    overpopulation, reduces environmental
    strain, and ensures adequate resource
    allocation. Sustainable development
    thrives on demographic stability,
    enabling long-term economic growth
    and social well-being.
15. In the picture, death rate is higher it
    indicates a declining population. This
    scenario often reflects an aging
    population with low fertility rates and
    can result in a shrinking workforce and
    increased dependency ratios, putting
    pressure on social support systems. It
    may signal potential economic
    challenges, such as labor shortages and
    decreased economic growth.
    Additionally, it can lead to demographic
    imbalances, affecting long-term
    sustainability and development.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Human resource 2. northern
16. census
    4. Literacy rate
       B. 1. T 2. T
    5. 
       T 4. T
       C. 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. a
       PERIODIC ASSESSMENT 2
       A. 1. Jute 2. 20°C
17. bagasse
18. India, Bangladesh
19. nearly 100
20. Uttar Pradesh
21. Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal,
    Odisha
22. Steel
    B. 1. Biofuels are renewable fuels derived
    from organic materials such as plants,
    crops, or waste, used as alternatives
    to fossil fuels.
23. Mica is primarily used in electrical
    and electronic industries for insulation
    due to its heat-resistant and electrical
    insulating properties. It is also used
    in cosmetics, paints, and as a filler
    material in plastics and rubber
    products.
24. The top iron ore producing countries
    of the World are Australia, Brazil,
    China, India, and Russia. They
    account for 80 % of the world’s Iron
    ore production. Australia is the largest
    producer of Iron Ore in the world,
    with 37.6% of the global production.
25. There are several varieties of cotton,
    including:
    Upland Cotton: Also known as
    Gossypium hirsutum, it is the most
    widely cultivated cotton variety
    globally.
    Egyptian Cotton: Known for its long
    staple fibers, which are soft and
    luxurious, suitable for high-quality
    textiles.
    Pima Cotton: Another type of long
    staple cotton, known for its strength,
    softness, and durability, primarily
    grown in the southwestern United
    States.
    Sea Island Cotton: Grown in the
    West Indies, it has extra-long staple
    fibers, prized for its silky texture and
    strength.
    The term “staple” refers to the length
    of the cotton fiber. A longer staple
    length generally indicates higher
    quality cotton, as it produces stronger
    and finer yarns. Longer staple cotton
    varieties like Egyptian cotton and
    Pima cotton are valued for their
    superior quality and are often used in
    luxury textiles and apparel.
26. Population density refers to the
    measurement of population per unit
    area, typically expressed as the
    number of people per square kilometer
    or square mile. It indicates how
    crowded or sparse an area is in terms
    of human habitation.
27. The factors or conditions that attract
    people to a region and the conditions
    that force people out of a region is
    called pull and push factor.
28. Professor Frederick Terman played a
    pivotal role in the growth of Silicon
    Valley by fostering close ties between
    Stanford University and local
    technology firms, encouraging
    entrepreneurship among students and
    faculty, and promoting research in
    emerging fields like electronics and
    semiconductors, which laid the
    foundation for the region’s
    technological dominance.
29. The occupational structure of a
    country reflects its level of economic
    development by indicating the
    distribution of workforce across
    sectors. Developed countries typically
    have a higher proportion of workers
    in industries like technology, services,
    and high-skilled professions, while
    developing countries may show a
    larger share in agriculture and low
    skilled sectors. This distribution
    reflects the country’s industrialization,
    technological advancement, and
    overall economic complexity.
    C. 1. The Green Revolution, primarily in
    the 1960s and 1970s, involved the
    introduction of high-yielding crop
    varieties, modern agricultural
    techniques, and chemical fertilizers
    and pesticides. It significantly
    increased agricultural productivity,
    particularly in wheat and rice,
    leading to higher food production
    and alleviating food shortages in
    many developing countries.
    However, it also raised concerns
    about environmental impacts, water
    usage, and sustainability of intensive
    farming practices.
30. Market gardening and horticulture
    require an efficient transport system
    primarily because their products,
    such as fruits, vegetables, flowers,
    and nursery plants, are perishable
    and delicate. A reliable transport
    system ensures timely delivery to
    markets and customers, maintaining
    product freshness and quality.
    Efficient transport also reduces
    transportation costs, enhances
    market access, and supports the
    competitiveness of growers in
    supplying fresh produce to distant
    markets, both locally and
    internationally.
31. Silicon Valley, located in California,
    is renowned globally as a hub for
    innovation and technology, offering
    several distinct advantages:
    Access to Talent Pool: The region
    attracts top talent from around the
    world, including engineers,
    entrepreneurs, and researchers,
    fostering a highly skilled workforce.
    This concentration of talent fuels
    innovation and supports the
    development of cutting-edge
    technologies.
    Strong Ecosystem: Silicon Valley
    boasts a robust ecosystem of venture
    capital firms, accelerators, incubators,
    and tech giants. This network
    provides critical funding, mentorship,
    and resources for startups and allows
    for rapid scaling and growth of
    innovative ideas and companies.
    Collaboration and Networking:
    The Valley encourages collaboration
    and networking among tech
    companies, academic institutions
    like Stanford University, and research
    organizations. This synergy promotes
    knowledge exchange, partnerships,
    and the sharing of best practices,
    accelerating technological
    advancements.
    These advantages collectively
    contribute to Silicon Valley’s status
    as a leading global IT hub,
    continuously driving innovation,
    entrepreneurship, and economic
    growth in the technology sector.
32. Sex composition refers to the
    distribution of males and females
    within a population. It is a crucial
    ingredient of the demographic
    profile of any country because it
    provides insights into gender
    dynamics, social norms, and
    demographic trends. Understanding
    sex composition helps policymakers
    in areas such as healthcare planning,
    education, employment policies, and
    addressing gender disparities. It also
    influences social and economic
    development strategies by
    highlighting issues related to gender
    equality, reproductive health, and
    aging populations.

A. 1. b. 2. c. 3. b. 4. d. 5. e.
B. 1. Jamshedpur, oldest

2. Sir Jamshed ji tata
3. Mayurbhanj, Kendujhargarh,
   Singbhum
4. Niagara falls
5. Silicon valley
6. World War II
7. Gross
8. Subarnarekha, Kharkai C. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T
   5. 
      T
      D. 1. c. 2. d. 3. e. 4. a. 5. b.
      E. 1. After Sir Jamshetji Tata, who
      pioneered the economic development
      of Sakchi, this town has been
      renamed Jamshedpur.
      Some of the major factors that must
      have encouraged Jamshetji Tata to
      set up the iron and steel plant here
      are described ahead.
      Jamshedpur has an ideal location in
      terms of a transport network. It is
      240 km from Kolkata and lies on
      the major Howrah-Nagpur
      Mumbai rail line. It is also well
      connected by road to most parts of
      the country. This makes it easy to
      bring in raw materials and dispatch
      finished steel products quickly and
      economically. The port in Kolkata
      too facilitates exports.
9. • Bengaluru has a huge pool of
   high quality engineers with
   global experience. Every year,
   Bengaluru produces about
   25,000 software and computer
   science engineers. Wages here
   are one-fifth than in the US.
   Foreign companies that shift
   operations to India report nearly
   60 per cent savings.
   • The standard of education is
   quite high, capable of meeting
   the standards of the new Internet
   economy. Schools, colleges,
   institutions such as the IIM, IIT
   and IIS and many computer
   training centres prepare students
   for the highly competitive work
   environment.
   • Besides foreign investment
   coming from international IT
   companies, Bengaluru has its
   own venture capitalists, i.e., its
   local businessmen.

• Bengaluru is excellently
  connected by road, rail and air
  networks to all parts of the
  country.
  • The climate and land both
  attract a large working
  population. Standards of living
  here are among the best in the
  country.
  • Conscious of the need for de
  stressing, Bengaluru is emerging
  as a hub for health care too.

2. Major Indian IT companies include
   ITC, Infosys Technologies, Reliance,
   Wipro, Tata Consultancy Services
   and Microland operate from
   Bengaluru.
3. Iron ore from Mayurbhanj and
   Kendujhargarh in Odisha and
   Singhbhum in Jharkand, coking coal
   from Raniganj and Jharia coalfields
   in West Bengal, limestone from
   Gangpur in Odisha and manganese
   from Kendujhargarh. TISCO owns
   and operates most of its mines.
4. Ahmedabad is the second largest
   textile city of India after Mumbai,
   and is referred to as “Manchester of
   India”.
   F. 1. Professor Frederick Emmons was a
   professor in the Department of
   Electrical Engineering in Stanford
   University and he was concerned
   because his best graduates had to go
   to cities in the East Coast to look
   for jobs. Instead he encouraged his
   students to start their own
   establishments in terms of electronics
   companies in the region itself rather
   than joining such firms in the east.
5. During the 1970s and 1980s, miles
   and miles of orchards were bulldozed
   to create the headquarters of
   companies such as Intel, Apple and
   HP. These companies manufactures
   semiconductor chips made of silicon
   and the easterners who made the trip
   here called the place the ‘silicon
   valley’. That is how the place was
   born.
6. Advantages of the Silicon Valley are
   as follows:

• All the technology and scientific
  research required by the IT
  industry is developed and carried
  out at Stanford, Berkeley and
  other prestigious educational
  institutions in California.
  • International companies moved to
  the area and established their
  headquarters here, giving the
  Valley economic stability.
  • Numerous venture capital firms
  that are ready to provide finance
  moved into the area and backed
  early-stage business ventures that
  needed funding.
  • Government support to the
  industry came by way of land for
  industrial and software technology
  parks and the best infrastructural
  facilities available in the world.
  • Uninterrupted power supply
  ensure there are no shutdowns.
  • Road, rail and air transport
  networks here are among the best
  in the world. San Francisco port
  allows import of electronic
  components from the Far East as
  well as shipping out of the
  exports.

2. The automobile giants that operate
   from Detroit are- Ford, Chrysler and
   General Motors. The reasons why
   Detroit rose to prominence are

• Raw materials like iron, coal and
  limestone are available in close
  proximity.
  • Adequate land is available for the
  development of large steel plants.
  • The place has great connectivity in
  terms of water, road and rail
  transport.
  • It has a regular supply of
  hydroelectricity due to the Niagara
  Falls.
  • Skilled but expensive labour is
  available easily in the region.
• It has the advantage of a huge
  market for steel products in nearby
  industrial centres and in the local
  automobile, engineering, defence
  equipments and spare part and
  component industries.

2. The reasons that encouraged
   Jamshetji Tata to set up iron and
   steel plant in Jamshedpur were

• It had an ideal location in terms of
  transport and connectivity through
  road, rail as well as waterways.
  • Raw materials were found in close
  proximity like from Odisha and
  Jharkhand.
  • TISCO had its own coal fired
  thermal plants and thermo electric
  plants alongside gaining widely
  from the Damodar Valley
  Corporation in terms of hydroelectric
  supply.
  • Due to dense population in the
  region, intensive and cheap labour
  was easily available.
  • The venture got support from the
  British as well as the local
  governments during the time it
  came up.
  • The region where it came up had a
  huge demand for the products
  TISCO was producing.
  • The water supply requirements were
  easily met by the two rivers
  Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers
  that flowed in the region.
  G. Natural fibres: Natural fibres are
  obtained from wool, silk, cotton, linen
  and jute.
  Man-made fibres: The fibres created
  by man using chemicals are known as
  man-made fibres. for example: nylon,
  polyester, acrylic and rayon (one of the
  oldest industries in the world).
  H. 1. Bengaluru is treated as the favourite
  destination for IT companies in
  India because
• The place has a concentration of
  high quality engineers with global
  experience while the wages here are
  one fifth than there in the US.
  • The standard of education is of high
  quality capable of meeting the
  standards of the internet economy.
  • Besides the foreign investors,
  Bengaluru has its own venture
  capitalists or local businessmen.
  • The place is very well connected by
  roads, rail and air networks to all
  the parts of the country.
  • The climate as well as the land are
  both great for the population living
  here.
  • It is also emerging as the centre for
  de-stressing as well as a hub for
  health care too.

2. Modern life depends greatly on iron,
   the most widely used among all the
   metals. It is required to perform
   even the simplest daily tasks. Iron,
   usually in the form of steel has a
   role to play in almost all the day
   today activities and tasks carried out
   by the people.
   DO AND LEARN
   Assertion And Reasoning
3. a. 2. a.
   Application/Competency Based Questions
4. Do you think IT industry has helped
   businesses and economies to grow
   rapidly.
   Ans- Yes, the IT industry has helped
   businesses and economies grow
   rapidly by enabling digital
   transformation, enhancing efficiency,
   and fostering innovation. It provides
   tools for global connectivity, data
   management, and automation, driving
   productivity and competitiveness. This
   accelerates economic development and
   opens new market opportunities.
5. Imagine that you are living in a highly
   advanced city of the 26th century
   where machines dominate all walks of
   life. How would you feel being part of
   such a world?
   Ans – Do it yourself
   Hots
6. Both Bengaluru and the Silicon Valley
   created jobs for some people not for all.
   Only the highly qualified and technically
   educated found jobs in these places. For
   the rest, who were proficient with hand
   skills or other traditional skills there was
   not much scope to find good opportunities
   of jobs.
7. The availability of flat land in Osaka is
   favorable for the textile industry as it
   allows for the construction of large
   factories and efficient layout of
   machinery. Flat terrain simplifies
   transportation and logistics, facilitating
   easy movement of raw materials and
   finished goods. It also enables the
   development of extensive infrastructure,
   including warehouses and distribution
   centers. Additionally, flat land reduces
   construction and maintenance costs.
   This geographic advantage supports the
   growth and operational efficiency of the
   textile industry in Osaka.
   Picture Based Questions
8. Tata steel Limited and Rourkela Steel
   Plant
9. The Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers in
   the region ensure regular supply of
   water required by the plant.
10. Iron ore from Mayurbhanj and
    Kendujhargarh in Odisha and Singhbhum
    in Jharkand, coking coal from Raniganj
    and Jharia coalfields in West Bengal.
    Activity
    T I S C O T A C L A E K
    J H A R I A K A T I P L
    K W K O L K A T A N O L
    A T C D E T R O I T T D
    C Q H I Y A P P L E T K
    R I I S T Y G H J L R O
    T A C H U K Q W E R T D
    S C S A N T A C L A R A
    C Q W E R T Y G H J L K
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Tata Iron and Steel Company
11. Detroit
12. Bengaluru
13. information technology B. 1. T 2. T
    3. F 4. T
       C. 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. a

A. 1. b. 2. c. 3. b. 4. d.
B. 1. industrial 2. agro-based

3. marine 4. ownership
4. coal 6. densely
5. Government
6. Mediterraneam
7. Coniferous 10. Cement
   C. 1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T
   D. 1. Synthetic textile is that textile that
   is created artificially like nylon,
   polyester, acrylic and rayon.
8. On the basis of source of raw
   materials, industries are classified
   as:–
   • Agro-based Industries
   • Marine-based Industries
   • Forest-based Industries
   • Mineral-based Industries
9. If an industrial establishment is
   owned, controlled and managed by
   the state, it is known as a public
   sector enterprise.
10. Availability of cheap and good
    transport is crucial to the setting up
    of an industry because it ensures fast
    arrival of the raw material as well
    as the fast supply of the finished
    good as well.
11. Factors that determine the location
    of cotton textile industry areavailability of bulky raw cotton
    textile, availability of a regular
    supply of power to run the looms
    and availability of both skilled and
    semi skilled labour.
    E. 1. a. Source of raw material:
    industries are classified into agro
    based, marine based, forest based
    and mineral based industries.
    b. Size: industries are classified into
    cottage or household, small scale
    and large scale industries.
    c. Output: industries are classified
    into basic and consumer goods
    industries.
    d. Ownership: industries are
    classified into private sector,
    public sector, joint sector and
    cooperative enterprise.
12. The textile industry is one of the
    oldest industries of the world and
    existed even before the Industrial
    Revolution in the 18th century
    England. Earlier handlooms were
    used but with Industrial
    Revolution, power looms replaced a
    lot of manual labour. During those
    days, India was one of the largest
    producers and exporters of textile.
    Under the helm of textile industries,
    there are the following industries
    namely cotton textile industry,
    woolen textile industry, silk textile
    industry and jute textile industry.
13. The specific needs of an aircraft
    industry are- capital as it requires a
    lot of money in terms of investment
    and skilled technical labourers.
14. Industries that require huge quantum
    of cheap labour to operate efficiently,
    as with textile units, usually locate
    in densely populated areas.
    Where skilled labour in small
    numbers is called for, they can be
    moved to the industry, especially if
    they are a small part of the total
    costs. If industries require large
    volumes of technically skilled
    people, the industry may gravitate
    towards them, as with diamond
    cutting. Where industries are highly
    mechanised, they do not locate near
    labour, but near a power source or
    some other factor.
15. The information technology
    industry is based on the development
    in two major areas.
    • The hardware industry is related
    to the manufacturing of computers
    and their peripherals, chips, disks,
    drives and other components.
    • The software industry prepares
    programmes that enable computers
    to operate and enable information
    and data to be processed, analysed
    and interpreted. The software is the
    media the computer uses to perform
    various tasks and functions.
    G. 1. Agro-based Industries: These
    industries involve the processing of
    agricultural produce. Some examples
    of these industries include sugar
    mills, cotton textile mills, food
    processing units, meat processing
    units and dairy plants.
    Forest-based Industries: These
    industries signify the processing of
    products from the forests. For
    instance, wood is made into paper,
    or timber can be used for various
    purposes. Other examples of forestbased industries include the
    manufacturing of resins, gums and
    turpentine.
16. Small-scale Industries
    These involve organisation of skilled
    craftspersons and employed labour in
    which there is a greater use of capital,
    more machines, electric power and
    raw materials that are both locally
    available or brought in from outside.
    Products are more standardised and
    of better quality.
    Example – food products, textile,
    consumer goods, ceramics, wood
    products industries.
    Large-scale Industries
    These industries are capitalintensive. They utilise heavy
    machinery, consume a lot of power
    and employ numerous skilled
    labourers. Raw materials are
    obtained from a variety of sources
    or are even imported.
    Example – iron and steel, automobile
    and the chemical manufacturing
    industry.
17. Private sector enterprise
    Enterprise where the means of
    production belong to a private
    individual or to a partnership of
    private individuals.
    Public sector enterprise
    Enterprise where the state owns,
    controls and manages the industry.
    H. 1. Because these are perishable
    commodities and they need to be
    processed before they are spoiled.
18. Iron and steel are crucial for modern
    civilization as they are fundamental
    in constructing infrastructure like
    buildings, bridges, and railways.
    They are essential for manufacturing
    machinery, vehicles, and tools,
    driving industrial growth. These
    materials are key to energy
    production, including pipelines and
    power plants. They enable
    technological advancements in
    various sectors, including
    transportation and appliances. Their
    recyclability also supports
    sustainable development and
    resource management.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
19. b. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Question
    One one hand, the IT industry is
    making life easy and comfortable and
    producing skilled employment, at the
    same time, it is also reducing
    employment opportunities, especially
    in the unskilled sector. Justify this
    statement in the context of rise of IT
    industry.
    Ans – The IT industry creates highpaying skilled jobs and enhances
    efficiency, improving overall quality of
    life. However, automation and
    digitalization reduce the need for
    manual, unskilled labor, displacing
    many workers. Traditional industries
    reliant on unskilled labor face
    disruption from IT advancements. The
    job market increasingly demands
    technical skills, leaving unskilled
    workers at a disadvantage. This dual
    impact fosters economic growth but
    widens employment disparities.
    Hots
20. Workers were forced to migrate to urban
    areas in search of jobs. They worked
    long hours, were poorly nourished, and
    lived in overcrowded conditions,
    leading to disease and stress. As a result,
    the labour laws were violated and
    conditions of work were completely
    ignored. This caused enormous amount
    of hardships for the people in England.
21. Bengaluru is an important IT hub due
    to its large pool of skilled professionals
    and numerous prestigious technical
    universities. It hosts many global tech
    companies and startups, benefiting from
    a supportive ecosystem. The city offers
    excellent infrastructure and connectivity,
    fostering innovation and collaboration.
    Government policies and incentives
    further boost its status as a leading IT
    destination.
    Picture Based Questions
22. One is Textile industry and one is Iron
    and steel industry.
23. The textile and iron industries differ
    significantly in various aspects:
    Raw Materials: The textile industry
    primarily uses natural fibers like cotton,
    wool, and silk, as well as synthetic fibers
    like polyester. The iron industry uses
    iron ore, coal, and limestone.
    Processes: Textiles involve spinning,
    weaving, dyeing, and finishing to
    produce fabrics. The iron industry
    involves mining, smelting, refining, and
    manufacturing steel products.
    Products: The textile industry produces
    clothing, home furnishings, and industrial
    textiles. The iron industry produces iron,
    steel, and a variety of products such as
    machinery, tools, and construction
    materials.
    Environmental Impact: The textile
    industry faces issues related to water
    usage, chemical pollution, and waste
    management. The iron industry is
    associated with mining impacts, air
    pollution from smelting, and greenhouse
    gas emissions.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Manufacturing
24. Location
25. silk textile production
26. Silk
    B. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T
    C. 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. a

A. 1. b. 2. a. 3. a. 4. b. 5. c.
B. 1. Cultivation, farming

2. husk, bran 3. rice
3. Wheat 5. combine
4. bagasse 7. tropics
5. tea 9. purchase
6. Green
   C. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
   D. 1. b. 2. a. 3. d. 4. e. 5. c.
   E. 1. The factors that determine the
   growth of food crops are type of
   soil, fertility of the land, temperature
   of the place, humidity and annual
   rainfall as well as availability of
   labour.
7. Tea, coffee and cocoa are considered
   beverage crops.
8. The various uses of sugarcane are
   – making of sugar, molasses, gur or
   jaggery.
9. Tea is obtained from the leaves of
   an evergreen bush from where two
   leaves and a bud are plucked from
   each stem to make tea.
10. The agrarian reforms undertaken by
    the government of India are in the
    form of five year plans which are
    – to stop the exploitation of farmers,
    give land to landless labourers, fix
    tenancy rates and allow farmers to
    buy the land they work on and
    consolidate land holdings.
    F. 1. The Green Revolution of the 1960s
    encouraged improvement in
    agricultural production. Some
    important aspects of this programme
    were:
    • Use of high-yielding and quickmaturing varieties of seeds;
    • Improvement in irrigation techniques
    to combat droughts and extend
    agricultural areas; Many multipurpose projects set up at this time
    were a step in the right direction;
    • Use of chemical fertilisers to
    increase soil productivity and
    fertility;
    • Use of pesticides;
    • Increased mechanisation in
    agriculture;
    • Rural electrification.
11. The various problems that plague
    the agricultural scenarios are-
    • The vagaries of nature in terms of
    droughts and floods;
    • A largely illiterate rural population
    that remains mostly uninformed
    about the latest methods and
    techniques;
    • Uneconomic size of holdings;
    • Presence of widespread poverty in
    rural India;
    • Lack of service facilities, especially
    marketing and storage, that hamper
    productivity in agriculture.
12. T h e s o l u t i o n s o ff e r e d b y
    biotechnology to the growing
    problem of Indian agriculture are-
    • Gene revolution by providing
    farmers with high yielding, drought
    resistant and disease- resistant
    varieties of seeds.
13. Condition for Rice growth
    • Soil: Clayey loam as well as alluvial
    soil retains water. These are best
    suited for rice cultivation.
    • Land: Rice requires regular supply
    of water to grow. So, plains,
    especially deltas and flood plains,
    are ideal for growing rice. In the
    hilly areas, rice is grown on terraced
    fields.
    • Tempera ture : A minimum
    temperature of 20°C is required for
    rice cultivation. During the growing
    period, the temperature should not
    be less than 27°C.
    • Rainfall: The crop grows well in
    areas with over 100 cm of annual
    rainfall. Below that, irrigation is
    required.
    Condition for wheat growth
    • Soil: Well-drained, loamy soils are
    best suited to its cultivation.
    • Land: Undulating plains that allow
    drainage of soil are good for wheat
    cultivation.
    • Temperature: Wheat requires a
    temperature of 10°C at the time of
    sowing. However, it requires 15°C
    to 20°C at the time of ripening.
    • Rainfall: Wheat needs an average
    of 40 cm to 75 cm of rainfall. Below
    30 cm, irrigation is required. Wheat
    plants however cannot tolerate more
    than 100 cm of rainfall.
14. Food crops include crops such as
    rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds,
    spices, beverages, fruits and
    vegetables. They differ in areas of
    production and yield, due to
    physical factors, climate and relief,
    which limit their cultivation.
    G. 1. A farm present in the USA is much
    larger as compared to the ones
    found in India. Typically, the US
    farms have a size of around 250
    hectares. The owner of this farm
    resides here itself. Sugarbeat,
    soyabean, cotton and wheat are a
    few of the major crops that are
    grown here. Joe Horan is a farmer
    from Lowa state’s midwest region.
    He owns a farm whose size is 300
    hectares. Mainly he grows corn on
    this farm. He takes adequate steps
    to check the quality of fertilisers
    being used and water is supplied as
    per requirement.
    In Uttar Pradesh’s Gazipur district,
    there is a village named Adilabad.
    A farmer named Munna Lal resides
    in this village with farmland worth
    1.5 hectares. His house is located on
    the mainland of Adilabad. He
    purchases seeds of high varieties
    from the market every alternate
    year. Basically his land is fertile due
    to which he is able to grow two
    crops every year. He takes the
    advice of his friends, elders and
    government officials regarding
    different practices of agriculture.
15. Green Revolution Certain steps
    were introduced in the 1960s to
    modernise Indian agriculture and
    increase agricultural production.
    White Revolution Measures taken
    to improve standards in production
    and processing of milk and milk
    products in India.
    H. 1. Production of rice is seen as labour
    intensive because all the activities
    involved in growing of rice like
    sowing, transplanting, weeding and
    harvesting are all done by hand.
16. Jute is a tall, reed-like plant and an
    important vegetable fibre. It is also
    known as ‘the golden fibre’. Being
    economical to manufacture, it is
    used to make ropes, sacking or sack
    cloth for packing and textiles for
    clothing and furnishing.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
17. a. 2. a.
    Application/Competency Based Questions
18. Given the condition of the Indian
    farmers who survive facing various
    difficulties in maintaining and
    producing crops, how do you think,
    their life and farming conditions can
    be improved?
    Ans – Improving the lives of Indian
    farmers involves providing better
    access to subsidized loans and crop
    insurance, developing robust irrigation
    and storage facilities, and enhancing
    rural infrastructure. Strengthening
    agricultural extension services and
    promoting modern farming techniques
    can increase productivity. Market
    reforms to facilitate direct access and
    fair pricing, along with government
    support for sustainable practices, can
    also significantly improve their
    conditions.
19. Agricultural development is one of the
    topmost priorities of the government.
    How?
    Ans – The government prioritizes
    agricultural development through
    initiatives like subsidizing inputs,
    providing crop insurance, and offering
    low-interest loans. Investment in
    irrigation projects and rural
    infrastructure improves water access
    and connectivity. Promotion of modern
    farming techniques and digital
    platforms aids farmers in increasing
    productivity. Policies supporting direct
    market access and fair pricing ensure
    better income for farmers. Sustainable
    agricultural practices are encouraged to
    ensure long-term productivity and
    environmental health.
    Hots
20. Biotechnology is seen as a solution to
    the woes of the Indian farmers as it can
    lead to increase in the production of
    crops and result in meeting of food
    demands due to an ever increasing
    population.
21. It means that production of wheat
    requires less water as compared to
    production of rice which requires lot of
    rainfall.
    Picture Based Questions
22. Rice and wheat
23. For rice, a minimum temperature of 200
    C is required for rice cultivation. During
    the growing period, the temperature
    should not be less than 270C.
    For wheat, it requires a temperature of
    100C at the time of sowing. However, it
    requires 150C to 200C at the time of
    ripening.
24. China, India, Japan and Bangladesh are
    the main rice producing countries.
    Egypt, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Italy,
    Brazil, Turkey, Spain, France, US and
    the coast of Guinea are the other
    countries where rice is cultivated.
    The US, Canada, Russia, China and
    Australia are the main producers of
    wheat. Argentina, Italy, Spain, Mexico,
    Chile, Pakistan and India are smaller
    producers.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. environmental 2. Agriculture
25. Green Revolution 4. Food crops
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
    C. 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. a

A. 1. a. 2. d. 3. a. 4. a. 5. d.
B. 1. soil, cultivation 2. 49

3. Sedentary 4. Shifting
4. intensive
5. organic, chemical
6. Transhumance
7. Prairie, steppe lands
8. White Revolution, producers,
   exporters 10. Plains
   C. 1. Agriculture is practised in over 49
   per cent of the land surface of the
   Earth. T
9. Favourable topography of soil and
   climate are not vital for agriculture
   activity. F
10. Crop rotation is practised to increase
    soil fertility. T
11. A variety of crops are grown under
    dairy farming. F
12. Modern machinery is utilised to
    process the crop on the plantation.
    T
    D. 1. b. 2. d. 3. e. 4. c. 5. a.
    E. 1. The term agriculture comes from
    Latin words ‘ager’ and ‘culture’,
    meaning ‘soil’ and ‘cultivation’,
    respectively. Agriculture is a primary
    activity. It includes growing crops,
    fruits, vegetables, flowers and
    rearing of livestock. In the world ,
    50 percent of persons are engaged
    in agricultural activity. Two thirds of
    Indian’s population is still dependent
    on agriculture.
13. Key Factors Responsible for
    Agricultural Growth
    Climate: Climate is the dominant
    factor that influences agriculture.
    Soil: Soils determine the type of
    crops that can be grown in any
    region. Most crops require specific
    soil characteristics.
    Relief and drainage: The
    agricultural regions are located
    largly in the plains; rugged relief
    hinders farming. A good drainage
    system means a supply of river
    water that favours irrigation.
    Human factor: Social, economic
    and political factors all play an
    important role in influencing the
    type of agriculture practised and
    even the crops and animals that are
    grown and raised. The agricultural
    activity is primarily concentrated in
    those regions where the key factors
    for suitable agricultural growth
    exist.
14. Intensive subsistence agriculture is
    the kind of agricultural practice that
    is practiced in areas with large
    population with small farms to
    support them. Thus agriculture is
    intensive, where farming is practiced
    on every available piece of land.
    Such intensive tilling of soil
    generates high yields, with rice as
    the main crop along with other
    crops like wheat, barley or maize
    alongside to practice multiple
    cropping.
15. Plantation agriculture can be defined
    as the growing and processing of a
    single cash crop on a very large scale
    mostly for the purpose of export. In
    each plantation, the crop is chosen
    according to the prevailing physical
    conditions, with focus on commercial
    cash crop like tea, coffee, rubber, pal
    oil, cotton or cocoa.
16. Commercial dairy farming involves
    the raising of animals primarily for
    their milk and milk products, like
    cream, butter, condensed milk and
    cheese.
    • on large commercial dairy farms
    in temperate lands, to meet the
    large international demand for
    dairy products.
    • near large cities and towns to meet
    their requirements, as seen in the
    tropics and subtropics.
    Modern scientific methods of
    breeding ensure high quality
    products. Animal and fodder storage
    sheds are constructed on the farms.
    Expensive equipment like milking
    machines, feeding towers and
    troughs are used. Dairy farming is
    practised around urban and industrial
    centres all over the world.
    F. 1. By mixed farming, it means a kind
    of farming that is carried out in the
    temperate grasslands with low
    rainfall, where along with cultivation
    of crops, livestock is also reared.
    Large number of one type of
    livestock is raised on huge ranches
    for their milk, meat and wool. The
    animals that are kept in the mixed
    farms are mostly cattle, sheep, hogs,
    poultry and horses. It is a beneficial
    practice because the crops produce
    high yields to feed the farmers and
    the livestock, with a large amount
    of crop that is sold commercially.
    Because skilled labour is hired it
    leads to large scale employment
    specifically during planting and
    harvesting.
17. White Revolution means a revolution
    in the field of production of milk
    and milk products which has turned
    India into one of the finest and
    foremost producer as well as
    exporter of milk as well as milk
    products. This has brought about a
    large scale employment in India as
    well as awareness among the
    farmers about the benefits of dairy
    farming.
18. By plantation agriculture, we mean
    large scale growth and production
    of a single cash crop for the purpose
    of export. This kind of farming is
    carried out in large estates where
    machines are used to fasten the
    process, with the help of skilled
    labourer. Here all the work beginning
    from ploughing to processing of the
    crop is organized on an extremely
    efficient and scientific basis, with
    careful monitoring so that the end
    product is traded both nationally and
    internationally.
19. Some animal herders move from
    one place to another in search of
    forage and water for their animals.
    This is called nomadic herding.
    The animal produce is for local
    consumption. These nomadic
    communities often exchange any
    surplus for agricultural and
    manufactured goods. However,
    many groups are becoming sedentary
    now.
20. Commercial farming refers to
    agricultural practices primarily
    aimed at generating profit. It
    involves large-scale cultivation of
    crops or raising livestock for sale in
    markets rather than for personal
    consumption. Commercial farms
    often utilize modern technologies,
    machinery, and inputs to maximize
    yields and efficiency. They are
    typically operated as businesses,
    focusing on producing high volumes
    of goods to meet market demand.
    Commercial farming plays a
    significant role in global food
    production and supply chains.
    G. 1.
    Primary activities Secondary activities
21. Agriculture,
    fishing, gathering
22. Steel
    manufacturing,
    weaving of cloth
    and baking of
    bread
23. Extraction and
    production of
    natural resources.
24. Processing of
    available
    resources
25. Difference between sedentary
    primitive subsistence agriculture
    and extensive commercial grain
    farming is-
    Sedentary primitive subsistence
    agriculture – In this type of farming
    practice, same fields are cultivated
    again and again after a period of
    fallowing and the farming
    community stays permanently in
    one place.
    Extensive commercial grain
    farming – This kind of agriculture
    is practiced where population is
    relatively low and fertile land is
    available in plenty.
26. Slash and burn agriculture or
    shifting cultivation is practised
    mainly by tribal people. After two
    or three years of producing vegetable
    and grain crops on a recently cleared
    piece of land, the migrants abandon
    it for another newly cleared plot.
    Each time a spot of virgin forest is
    selected, as it is more productive.
    Trees and bushes are cleared
    Nomadic Farming–Some animal
    herders move from one place to
    another in search of forage and
    water for their animals. Today many
    of them are becoming sedentary.
    The animal produce is for local
    consumption. These nomadic
    communities often exchange any
    surplus for agricultural and
    manufactured goods. However,
    many groups are becoming sedentary
    now.
    H. 1. Lowlands are generally more
    suitable for farming due to several
    reasons. Firstly, they often have
    fertile soil deposits from
    sedimentation and erosion, which
    support better crop growth. Secondly,
    lowlands typically have a more
    favorable climate with milder
    temperatures and more consistent
    rainfall, crucial for agriculture.
27. Shifting cultivation is also called
    slash and burn agriculture because
    after two or three years of producing
    vegetable and grain crops on a
    recently cleared piece of land, the
    migrants abandon it for another
    newly cleared plot. Each time a spot
    of virgin forest is selected, as it is
    more productive. Trees and bushes
    are cleared by slashing and the
    remaining vegetation is burnt. The
    ashes add potash to the soil. Then
    the seeds are sown after the rains.
    DO AND LEARN
    Assertion And Reasoning
28. a. 2. b.
    Application/Competency Based Questions
29. Cheap labour is one of the human
    factors that influence agriculture. Do
    you think there are any disadvantages
    of this practice for farmers? Explain
    how is it?
    Ans – Cheap labour in agriculture can
    lead to lower productivity due to
    unskilled work, high turnover rates,
    and reduced motivation among
    workers. It may result in ethical
    concerns and legal issues regarding
    labor rights and fair wages.
    Additionally, over-reliance on cheap
    labor can hinder innovation and
    adoption of modern farming practices,
    affecting long-term competitiveness
    and sustainability of farms.
30. Find out how humans transformed
    from nomadic food gatherers to settled
    farmers.
    Ans – Humans transitioned from
    nomadic food gatherers to settled
    farmers through a combination of
    climate changes affecting food
    availability, deliberate cultivation of
    plants and domestication of animals
    for reliable food sources, development
    of agricultural techniques such as
    irrigation and tools, establishment of
    permanent settlements near fertile land,
    and societal changes with division of
    labor based on agriculture, leading to
    the Neolithic Revolution and the rise
    of complex civilizations.
    Hots
31. Despite a huge variety of options
    available, people all over the world
    continue to practice the world’s oldest
    occupation which is agriculture because
    it is considered as a traditional occupation
    followed by the fore fathers. Also, the
    value and the kind of recognition that a
    farmer gets today has increased a lot
    since the yesteryears. Agricultural
    section does not exist in isolation either.
    A lot of scientific innovations and
    economic advancements have happened
    in the field of agriculture making it a
    viable option for occupation for many
    people all over the world.
32. Agriculture impacts society in many
    ways, including: supporting livelihoods
    through food, habitat, and jobs; providing
    raw materials for food and other
    products; and building strong economies
    through trade.
    Picture Based Questions
33. Mixed farming
34. Corn, wheat, and soyabeans.
    WORKSHEET
    A. 1. Agriculture
35. Plantation agriculture
36. Animals
37. Commercial dairy farming
    B. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T
    C. 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. a
    Periodic Assessment 1
    A. 1. Resource conservation
38. Land 3. continuous
39. Soil profile
40. Tropical deciduous
41. Deciduous 7. plains
42. Transhumance
    B. 1. Contour ploughing: It is a farming
    practice of ploughing across a slope
    along its contours. This helps in the
    slowing down of running water
    during rainstorms allowing water to
    percolate into the soil.
43. Resources are distributed unequally
    over the Earth because different
    physical factors vary massively
    over the Earth. Distribution of
    natural resources is dependent on
    various physical factors like altitude,
    climate, and terrain.
44. The areas that receive heavy
    rainfall mostly have laterite type of
    soil. It is also reddish in colour but
    different from red soil in their
    mineral composition.
45. Sustainable development is
    development that meets the needs of
    the present, without compromising
    the ability of future generations to
    meet their own needs.
46. Tropical evergreen forests are
    found in regions with high
    temperatures and heavy rainfall. In
    India, the tropical evergreen forests
    are found in the North-eastern
    states, parts of West Bengal, along
    the Western Ghats and in the
    Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
47. India’s biggest national parks &
    wildlife reserves –:
    Hemis National Park (3,350 sq km)
    Desert National Park (3,162 sq km)
48. The full form of CITES is the
    Convention on International Trade
    in Endangered Species of Wild
    Fauna and Flora.
49. Branch of agriculture that
    encompasses the breeding, raising,
    and utilization of dairy animals,
    primarily cows, for the production
    of milk and the various dairy
    products processed from it.
    C. 1. Rainwater harvesting is crucial for
    water conservation as it allows the
    capture and storage of rainwater for
    various purposes. It reduces reliance
    on groundwater and surface water
    sources, particularly during dry
    seasons. By recharging aquifers and
    replenishing water tables, rainwater
    harvesting helps maintain ecological
    balance and prevents depletion of
    natural water reserves. It promotes
    self-sufficiency in water supply for
    households, agriculture, and
    industries, contributing to
    sustainable water management
    practices and resilience against
    droughts and water scarcity.
50. Drip irrigation is the slow release
    of water to each plant to conserve
    water and prevent soil run-off with
    too much of water.
51. Greenhouse gases are formed
    through natural processes and
    human activities. They include
    carbon dioxide (CO2
    ) from burning
    fossil fuels and deforestation,
    methane (CH4
    ) from livestock and
    agriculture, nitrous oxide (N2
    O)
    from agricultural practices and
    industrial processes, and fluorinated
    gases from industrial activities.
    These gases trap heat in the
    atmosphere, leading to the
    greenhouse effect and contributing
    to global warming and climate
    change.
52. Slash and burn agriculture or
    shifting agriculture is practised
    mainly by tribal people. This
    practice is one of the oldest forms
    of migratory agriculture. After two
    or three years of producing
    vegetable and grain crops on a
    recently cleared piece of land, the
    migrants abandon it for another
    newly cleared plot. Each time a
    spot of virgin forest is selected, as
    it is more productive. Trees and
    bushes are cleared by slashing and
    the remaining vegetation is burnt.
    The ashes add potash to the soil.
    Shifting cultivation is practised in
    different parts of the world and has
    been named differently in the
    regional languages of the areas
    where they are grown. It is known
    as Milpa in Central America,
    Conuco in Venezuela, Roca in
    Brazil, Tamrai in Thailand, Jhum,
    Bewar or Poda in India, Chena in
    Sri Lanka, Caingin in the Philippines
    and Ray in Vietnam.