A. 1. b. 2. a. 3. a. 4. b. 5. c.
B. 1. Cultivation, farming
- husk, bran 3. rice
- Wheat 5. combine
- bagasse 7. tropics
- tea 9. purchase
- Green
C. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F
D. 1. b. 2. a. 3. d. 4. e. 5. c.
E. 1. The factors that determine the
growth of food crops are type of
soil, fertility of the land, temperature
of the place, humidity and annual
rainfall as well as availability of
labour. - Tea, coffee and cocoa are considered
beverage crops. - The various uses of sugarcane are
– making of sugar, molasses, gur or
jaggery. - Tea is obtained from the leaves of
an evergreen bush from where two
leaves and a bud are plucked from
each stem to make tea. - The agrarian reforms undertaken by
the government of India are in the
form of five year plans which are
– to stop the exploitation of farmers,
give land to landless labourers, fix
tenancy rates and allow farmers to
buy the land they work on and
consolidate land holdings.
F. 1. The Green Revolution of the 1960s
encouraged improvement in
agricultural production. Some
important aspects of this programme
were:
• Use of high-yielding and quickmaturing varieties of seeds;
• Improvement in irrigation techniques
to combat droughts and extend
agricultural areas; Many multipurpose projects set up at this time
were a step in the right direction;
• Use of chemical fertilisers to
increase soil productivity and
fertility;
• Use of pesticides;
• Increased mechanisation in
agriculture;
• Rural electrification. - The various problems that plague
the agricultural scenarios are-
• The vagaries of nature in terms of
droughts and floods;
• A largely illiterate rural population
that remains mostly uninformed
about the latest methods and
techniques;
• Uneconomic size of holdings;
• Presence of widespread poverty in
rural India;
• Lack of service facilities, especially
marketing and storage, that hamper
productivity in agriculture. - T h e s o l u t i o n s o ff e r e d b y
biotechnology to the growing
problem of Indian agriculture are-
• Gene revolution by providing
farmers with high yielding, drought
resistant and disease- resistant
varieties of seeds. - Condition for Rice growth
• Soil: Clayey loam as well as alluvial
soil retains water. These are best
suited for rice cultivation.
• Land: Rice requires regular supply
of water to grow. So, plains,
especially deltas and flood plains,
are ideal for growing rice. In the
hilly areas, rice is grown on terraced
fields.
• Tempera ture : A minimum
temperature of 20°C is required for
rice cultivation. During the growing
period, the temperature should not
be less than 27°C.
• Rainfall: The crop grows well in
areas with over 100 cm of annual
rainfall. Below that, irrigation is
required.
Condition for wheat growth
• Soil: Well-drained, loamy soils are
best suited to its cultivation.
• Land: Undulating plains that allow
drainage of soil are good for wheat
cultivation.
• Temperature: Wheat requires a
temperature of 10°C at the time of
sowing. However, it requires 15°C
to 20°C at the time of ripening.
• Rainfall: Wheat needs an average
of 40 cm to 75 cm of rainfall. Below
30 cm, irrigation is required. Wheat
plants however cannot tolerate more
than 100 cm of rainfall. - Food crops include crops such as
rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds,
spices, beverages, fruits and
vegetables. They differ in areas of
production and yield, due to
physical factors, climate and relief,
which limit their cultivation.
G. 1. A farm present in the USA is much
larger as compared to the ones
found in India. Typically, the US
farms have a size of around 250
hectares. The owner of this farm
resides here itself. Sugarbeat,
soyabean, cotton and wheat are a
few of the major crops that are
grown here. Joe Horan is a farmer
from Lowa state’s midwest region.
He owns a farm whose size is 300
hectares. Mainly he grows corn on
this farm. He takes adequate steps
to check the quality of fertilisers
being used and water is supplied as
per requirement.
In Uttar Pradesh’s Gazipur district,
there is a village named Adilabad.
A farmer named Munna Lal resides
in this village with farmland worth
1.5 hectares. His house is located on
the mainland of Adilabad. He
purchases seeds of high varieties
from the market every alternate
year. Basically his land is fertile due
to which he is able to grow two
crops every year. He takes the
advice of his friends, elders and
government officials regarding
different practices of agriculture. - Green Revolution Certain steps
were introduced in the 1960s to
modernise Indian agriculture and
increase agricultural production.
White Revolution Measures taken
to improve standards in production
and processing of milk and milk
products in India.
H. 1. Production of rice is seen as labour
intensive because all the activities
involved in growing of rice like
sowing, transplanting, weeding and
harvesting are all done by hand. - Jute is a tall, reed-like plant and an
important vegetable fibre. It is also
known as ‘the golden fibre’. Being
economical to manufacture, it is
used to make ropes, sacking or sack
cloth for packing and textiles for
clothing and furnishing.
DO AND LEARN
Assertion And Reasoning - a. 2. a.
Application/Competency Based Questions - Given the condition of the Indian
farmers who survive facing various
difficulties in maintaining and
producing crops, how do you think,
their life and farming conditions can
be improved?
Ans – Improving the lives of Indian
farmers involves providing better
access to subsidized loans and crop
insurance, developing robust irrigation
and storage facilities, and enhancing
rural infrastructure. Strengthening
agricultural extension services and
promoting modern farming techniques
can increase productivity. Market
reforms to facilitate direct access and
fair pricing, along with government
support for sustainable practices, can
also significantly improve their
conditions. - Agricultural development is one of the
topmost priorities of the government.
How?
Ans – The government prioritizes
agricultural development through
initiatives like subsidizing inputs,
providing crop insurance, and offering
low-interest loans. Investment in
irrigation projects and rural
infrastructure improves water access
and connectivity. Promotion of modern
farming techniques and digital
platforms aids farmers in increasing
productivity. Policies supporting direct
market access and fair pricing ensure
better income for farmers. Sustainable
agricultural practices are encouraged to
ensure long-term productivity and
environmental health.
Hots - Biotechnology is seen as a solution to
the woes of the Indian farmers as it can
lead to increase in the production of
crops and result in meeting of food
demands due to an ever increasing
population. - It means that production of wheat
requires less water as compared to
production of rice which requires lot of
rainfall.
Picture Based Questions - Rice and wheat
- For rice, a minimum temperature of 200
C is required for rice cultivation. During
the growing period, the temperature
should not be less than 270C.
For wheat, it requires a temperature of
100C at the time of sowing. However, it
requires 150C to 200C at the time of
ripening. - China, India, Japan and Bangladesh are
the main rice producing countries.
Egypt, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Italy,
Brazil, Turkey, Spain, France, US and
the coast of Guinea are the other
countries where rice is cultivated.
The US, Canada, Russia, China and
Australia are the main producers of
wheat. Argentina, Italy, Spain, Mexico,
Chile, Pakistan and India are smaller
producers.
WORKSHEET
A. 1. environmental 2. Agriculture - Green Revolution 4. Food crops
B. 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. F
C. 1. d 2. d 3. d 4. a