Category: Class-7th English Olivia

  • Ch.18 Thomas Alva Edison

    CLASS 7 тАв ENGLISH

    Chapter 18: Thomas Alva Edison

    Complete Textbook Solutions

    A. Multiple Choice Questions

    1. Thomas Alva Edison was born on 11th February:
    1. 1827
    2. 1837
    3. 1847
    Answer: iii. 1847
    2. One way of sending messages is to send them by wire. This is called:
    1. Telegraphy
    2. Mobile phone
    3. None of these
    Answer: i. Telegraphy

    B. Answer the Following Questions

    1. When did he die?
    Thomas Alva Edison died on 18th October 1931, at the age of eighty-four.
    2. What was the name of his newspaper?
    His newspaper was called The Grand Trunk Herald.
    3. Why did he go to New York?
    He went to New York in search of work.
    4. When did he move to West Orange?
    He moved to a larger laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey, in 1887.
    5. Where was Edison born?
    Edison was born in Milan, Ohio, in the USA.
    6. What did the boy’s father teach him?
    The station master taught Edison telegraphy.
    7. Where did he set up his second laboratory?
    He set up his second laboratory in the luggage van of a train.

    C. Fill in the Blanks

    1. In 1887, he moved to a larger laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey.
    2. The following year, Edison went to New York in search of work.
    3. He began to earn money at the small age of twelve.
    4. At that time, a new railway line was opened by the Grand Trunk Railway from Port Huron to Detroit.
    5. Thomas Alva Edison was born at Milan, Ohio, in the USA.

    D. Words in Use

    Question: List these words in the order in which you find them in a dictionary. Then look up their meanings and make sentences with the words.

    Dictionary order: Belch, Inferior, Itchy, Malicious, Modest, Spotless, Ticklish, Twitch.

    1. Belch

    Meaning: To release gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth.

    Sentence: He tried to cover his mouth after a loud belch.

    2. Inferior

    Meaning: Lower in quality, value or standard.

    Sentence: We should not think that someone is inferior because of their background.

    3. Itchy

    Meaning: Causing an uncomfortable feeling that makes a person want to scratch.

    Sentence: The woollen sweater felt itchy against my skin.

    4. Malicious

    Meaning: Intending to hurt or harm someone.

    Sentence: We should not spread malicious rumours about others.

    5. Modest

    Meaning: Not boastful; simple and humble.

    Sentence: Despite his success, the scientist remained modest.

    6. Spotless

    Meaning: Completely clean, without any spots or stains.

    Sentence: She kept her classroom spotless.

    7. Ticklish

    Meaning: Easily made to laugh or squirm by light touches.

    Sentence: My little brother is very ticklish.

    8. Twitch

    Meaning: To make a sudden, small movement.

    Sentence: His eye began to twitch when he was tired.

    Listening

    Meena: Why do you frown? When you frown, you get back a frown!

    Mukesh: You look beautiful with your smile.

    Meena: Imagine, a smile can bring so much happiness.

    Mukesh: Her smile looks beautiful. Let me smile back at her.

    Meena: Remember! Smile even when you see a frown. It makes everyone happy.

    Grammar: Present Perfect Tense

    Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle (V3).

    A. Things Nimesh Has Done and Has Not Done

    No. Task Answer
    1Do yesterday’s homework. (тЬУ)Nimesh has already done his homework.
    2Clean the bookshelf. (тЬУ)Nimesh has already cleaned the bookshelf.
    3Write to grandmother. (тЬЧ)Nimesh has not written to his grandmother yet.
    4Read the headlines in today’s paper. (тЬУ)Nimesh has already read the headlines in today’s paper.
    5Help his mother with dinner. (тЬЧ)Nimesh has not helped his mother with dinner yet.
    6Help his father clean the home. (тЬЧ)Nimesh has not helped his father clean the home yet.
    7Watch the match on TV. (тЬУ)Nimesh has already watched the match on TV.
    8Go to the library. (тЬЧ)Nimesh has not gone to the library yet.
    9Do yoga. (тЬЧ)Nimesh has not done yoga yet.
    10Buy a present for Uncle Umesh. (тЬУ)Nimesh has already bought a present for Uncle Umesh.

    B. Write a Sentence to Describe the Situation

    1. Mr Sharma asked me my name yesterday. He does not remember it now. (forget)
    Mr Sharma has forgotten my name.
    2. Mithun cannot walk. His leg is in a cast. (break)
    Mithun has broken his leg.
    3. This morning my father was expecting a parcel. He has it now. (arrive)
    The parcel has arrived.
    4. Seema is walking to school now. She goes to school by bus every day. (miss)
    Seema has missed the bus.
    5. The mirror in my room was dirty. It is clean and shining now. (clean)
    I have cleaned the mirror.
    6. There were many gaps in the fence. Now there are no gaps in the fence. (repair)
    They have repaired the fence.

    C. Fill in the Blanks with the Present Perfect Tense

    1. She has finished her homework. (finish)
    2. He has lost his new pen. (lose)
    3. Seema has worked on this project. (work)
    4. They have constructed the bridge on the river Ganga. (construct)
    5. Tina has read this book. (read)
    6. Arnav has resigned from his job. (resign)
    7. The guests have arrived. (arrive)
    8. The train has left; you are late. (leave)
    9. We have washed all the clothes. (wash)
    10. Grandfather has gone for a walk. (go)
  • Ch.17 My Best Friend

    CLASS 7 тАв ENGLISH LITERATURE

    My Best Friend

    Chapter 17

    ЁЯУЪ New Words тАв Comprehension тАв Vocabulary тАв Grammar

    ЁЯМИ New Words тАФ Based on NEP 2020

    Learn the six new words given in your textbook, with easy English meanings and Hindi meanings.

    1. Crater

    A bowl-shaped hollow, such as one found on the Moon or formed by a volcano.

    рдЧрдбреНрдврд╛ / рдЬреНрд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛рдореБрдЦреА рдХрд╛ рдореБрдЦ

    2. Bowl

    A rounded, hollow shape like the inside of a bowl.

    рдХрдЯреЛрд░реЗ рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдЧрдбреНрдврд╛

    3. Moonborn

    Born on the Moon.

    рдЪрдВрджреНрд░рдорд╛ рдкрд░ рдЬрдиреНрдорд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ

    4. Spindly

    Tall and thin, with long, slender arms or legs.

    рд▓рдВрдмрд╛ рдФрд░ рджреБрдмрд▓рд╛-рдкрддрд▓рд╛

    5. Lunar

    Related to the Moon.

    рдЪрдВрджреНрд░рдорд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд

    6. Scotch Terrier

    A small, sturdy breed of dog originally from Scotland.

    рд╕реНрдХреЙрдЯрд▓реИрдВрдб рдХреА рдПрдХ рдХреБрддреНрддреЗ рдХреА рдирд╕реНрд▓

    ЁЯУЭ A. Multiple Choice Questions

    1. Which of these wiped out the difference between ground and sky except for the glitter of stars?

    ANSWER(iii) Darkness

    2. What did Toby’s squeak mean?

    ANSWER(ii) Yes

    3. In the lesson, who said, тАЬI don’t trust you, you fakerтАЭ?

    ANSWER(iii) Alex

    тЬНя╕П B. Answer the Following Questions

    1. Why do you think Alex and anyone else always had to wash up after coming in from outside?

    ANSWERThey had to wash after coming inside to remove the dust and dirt from the lunar surface and keep themselves clean.

    2. Why was Alex so confident that the grown-ups thought the crater was dangerous but he was not worried about the possible dangers?

    ANSWERAlex knew the crater very well. He knew where the rocks were and felt confident because Toby could locate both of them using radar.

    3. How was it possible for Alex to handle the lunar gravity easily?

    ANSWERAlex was born on the Moon. His body was adapted to lunar gravity, so he could move easily there compared with people born on Earth.

    4. How do we know that Alex had been in the crater many times before?

    ANSWERAlex knew the exact location of the rocks and could move around the crater confidently, even in darkness.

    5. Who is Mrs Anderson referring to when she asks, тАЬDid he arrive?тАЭ

    ANSWERShe is referring to Alex, who was at the rocket station undergoing tests before coming home.

    ЁЯзй C. Fill in the Blanks

    Complete each sentence using the correct word from the story.

    1. Alex couldn’t go wrong while ______ was around.

    ANSWERToby

    2. The Earth sank below the top of the ______ wall.

    ANSWERcrater

    3. Alex’s arms and legs were long and ______.

    ANSWERagile

    4. The outer side of the crater sloped ______.

    ANSWERsouthward

    5. Alex was out on the ______, as his mother had said.

    ANSWERcrater

    тЬЕ D. Write T for True and F for False

    1. Toby worked according to the fed programme.

    ANSWERT тАФ Toby was a robot programmed to follow instructions.

    2. Toby was the name of a live dog.

    ANSWERF тАФ Toby was a robotic dog, not a living animal.

    3. Alex easily outraced Toby.

    ANSWERF тАФ Toby could run and jump faster than Alex.

    4. Even without the glow, Toby could tell where he and Alex were by radar.

    ANSWERT

    5. Alex looked weaker and innocent with his space-suit on.

    ANSWERF тАФ The story says he looked thicker and stubbier in his space-suit.

    ЁЯФН Vocabulary тАФ Thinking Skill

    Why do you think the dog was at the rocket station, going through the tests? What tests would these have been?

    ANSWERThe dog was being tested to make sure it was healthy and fit for the journey to the Moon. The tests might have checked its health, strength and ability to tolerate the conditions during space travel. These are possible examples; the story does not list the exact tests.

    тЬПя╕П Creative Writing тАФ Future Perfect Progressive Tense

    Fill in the blanks with the Future Perfect Progressive form of the verbs given in brackets.

    1. Mr Suresh ______ (live) in Delhi for five years by October.

    ANSWERMr Suresh will have been living in Delhi for five years by October.

    2. He ______ (drive) his car for two hours by 4 o’clock.

    ANSWERHe will have been driving his car for two hours by 4 o’clock.

    3. Neha ______ (talk) over her mobile phone for 30 minutes by 3 o’clock.

    ANSWERNeha will have been talking over her mobile phone for 30 minutes by 3 o’clock.

    ЁЯУЦ Grammar тАФ Future Perfect Progressive Tense

    What is the Future Perfect Progressive Tense?

    The Future Perfect Progressive Tense describes an action that will have been continuing for a period of time up to a particular point in the future.

    Structure

    Subject + will have been + verb-ing + time expression

    Example

    By 5 o’clock, I will have been studying for two hours.

    ЁЯОп Fun Activity тАФ Correct the Spellings

    No.Incorrect SpellingCorrect Spelling
    1squeakesqueak
    2excerciseexercise
    3queveringquivering
    4wireingwiring
    5alarrmalarm
    6realyreally
    7roketrocket
    8cratorcrater
    9spacesiutespacesuit
    10nonexistantnonexistent
    11immitationimitation
    12mechinemachine
    13machanicalmechanical
    14programedprogrammed
    ЁЯТб Remember: Toby is a robotic dog made of steel and wiring. Alex loves Toby, but his father believes that a real dog can offer a different kind of love and companionship.
  • Ch.16 тАЬBirds of ParadiseтАЭ by Christina Rossetti.

    CLASS 7 тАв ENGLISH LITERATURE

    Birds of Paradise

    Poem by Christina Rossetti

    ЁЯУЪ New Words тАв Comprehension тАв Poem Exercises

    ЁЯМИ New Words тАФ Based on NEP 2020

    Learn the six new words given in your textbook, along with their easy meanings and Hindi meanings.

    1. Flash

    To reflect light briefly.

    рдХреНрд╖рдгрднрд░ рдЪрдордХрдирд╛

    2. Wings of flame

    Bright wings of many colours.

    рдЖрдЧ рдЬреИрд╕реА рдЪрдордХреАрд▓реА, рд░рдВрдЧ-рдмрд┐рд░рдВрдЧреА рдкрдВрдЦ

    3. A cadenced clang

    A regular pattern of metallic sound.

    рд▓рдпрдмрджреНрдз рдзрд╛рддреНрд╡рд┐рдХ рдзреНрд╡рдирд┐

    4. Whistle

    A clear, high-pitched sound made by forcing air through nearly closed lips.

    рд╕реАрдЯреА рдмрдЬрд╛рдирд╛

    5. Dart

    A sudden, rapid movement.

    рддреЗрдЬрд╝реА рд╕реЗ рдЭрдкрдЯрдирд╛ рдпрд╛ рдмрдврд╝рдирд╛

    6. Paradise

    Heaven, or a place or state of complete happiness.

    рд╕реНрд╡рд░реНрдЧ; рдкрд░рдо рд╕реБрдЦ рдХрд╛ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди

    ЁЯУЭ A. Multiple Choice Questions

    1. Birds without a nest are called:

    ANSWER(i) Birds of paradise

    2. Birds of Paradise sing in:

    ANSWER(ii) Heaven

    3. The colour of the wings of birds of paradise is:

    ANSWER(iii) Both of these тАФ gold and silver

    4. Birds of Paradise whistle through their:

    ANSWER(iii) Wings

    5. Birds of Paradise sing songs with their own:

    ANSWER(iii) Tongue

    тЬНя╕П B. Answer the Following Questions

    1. Which type of wings are rang?

    ANSWERThe golden wings are said to ring.

    2. Which type of wings are tinkled?

    ANSWERThe silver wings are said to tinkle.

    3. How do the birds of paradise sing?

    ANSWERThey sing songs in their own language. They call one another and answer each other in their proper speech.

    4. How are the wings of birds of paradise?

    ANSWERTheir wings are golden and silver, bright and colourful. They flash and make musical sounds as the birds fly.

    ЁЯзй C. Fill in the Blanks

    1. Golden-winged, silver-winged,
    Winged with flashing ________,
    Such a flight of ________ I saw,
    Birds without a name.

    ANSWERS1. flame
    2. birds

    2. One to another calling,
    Each answering ________,
    One to another calling
    In their proper ________.

    ANSWERS1. each
    2. speech

    ЁЯФЧ D. Match Words with Their Meanings

    WordCorrect Meaning
    1. Flash(v) Reflect light briefly
    2. Dart(iv) Sudden, rapid movement
    3. Wings of flame(i) Bright wings of many colours
    4. A cadenced clang(ii) A regular pattern of metallic sound
    5. Paradise(iii) Heaven or a place or state of complete happiness

    ЁЯОи E. Creative Writing

    How do the birds whistle through their wings?

    ANSWERAs the birds fly, the wind passes through their wings and makes a whistling sound. The poet imagines this sound as the birds’ music.

    ЁЯТб Remember: The poem describes imaginary birds with golden and silver wings. Their colourful wings shine, make musical sounds and carry them high into the sky.

  • Ch.15 Macbeth Part-1

    ENGLISH LITERATURE тАв CLASS 7

    Macbeth (Part-I)

    Explore the story through new words and easy question answers.

    1 New Vocabulary Words

    Learn these 12 useful words, their simple English meanings and Hindi meanings to improve your vocabulary.
    1

    Prophecy

    A prediction about the future.

    рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдпрд╡рд╛рдгреА
    2

    Messenger

    A person who brings news or a message.

    рд╕рдВрджреЗрд╢рд╡рд╛рд╣рдХ
    3

    Rebellion

    An attempt to fight against a ruler or authority.

    рд╡рд┐рджреНрд░реЛрд╣
    4

    Loyal

    Faithful and trustworthy.

    рд╡рдлрд╝рд╛рджрд╛рд░
    5

    Devious

    Dishonest and clever in a harmful way.

    рдХрдкрдЯреА
    6

    Ambition

    A strong desire to achieve something.

    рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рдХрд╛рдВрдХреНрд╖рд╛
    7

    Murder

    The unlawful killing of a person.

    рд╣рддреНрдпрд╛
    8

    Suspicion

    A feeling that something may be wrong.

    рд╕рдВрджреЗрд╣
    9

    Flee

    To run away from danger.

    рднрд╛рдЧ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛
    10

    Descendant

    A person belonging to a later generation of a family.

    рд╡рдВрд╢рдЬ
    11

    Banquet

    A large or formal meal for a group of people.

    рджрд╛рд╡рдд / рднреЛрдЬ
    12

    Apparition

    A ghost-like figure that appears unexpectedly.

    рдкреНрд░реЗрдд рдХрд╛ рдЖрднрд╛рд╕

    2 Comprehension тАФ Question Answers

    1What did the witches predict?

    ANSWERThe witches predicted that Macbeth would become the Thane of Cawdor and later the King of Scotland. They also predicted that Banquo’s descendants would become kings.

    2What news did the messenger bring?

    ANSWERThe messenger told Macbeth that he had been given the title of Thane of Cawdor because of his bravery in battle.

    3Why did King Duncan visit Macbeth’s castle?

    ANSWERKing Duncan visited Macbeth’s castle to honour him for his bravery and to stay there as a guest.

    4What was Lady Macbeth’s devious plan?

    ANSWERLady Macbeth planned to make the king’s guards sleepy with a drug. Macbeth would then kill King Duncan while he was asleep, and they would blame the guards.

    5What reasons does Macbeth give for not carrying out Lady Macbeth’s plan?

    ANSWERMacbeth says that Duncan is his king, relative and guest. Duncan is also a good ruler. Macbeth fears that killing him would be wrong and bring terrible consequences.

    6Who was the first to find out about the king’s murder?

    ANSWERMacduff was the first to discover that King Duncan had been murdered.

    7Where did the sons of the King of Scotland go and why?

    ANSWERMalcolm fled to England, while Donalbain went to Ireland. They feared that the murderer might kill them too.

    8Why does Macbeth want to murder Banquo and Fleance? Is he successful in his plans?

    ANSWERMacbeth wants to kill Banquo and Fleance because the witches predicted that Banquo’s descendants would become kings. Macbeth fears losing his throne. The murderers kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes.

    9Why did Macbeth and Lady Macbeth invite everyone for a feast?

    ANSWERThey invited the nobles to a feast to appear friendly and honourable and to celebrate Macbeth’s position as king.

    10Why did Macbeth not sit down at the table?

    ANSWERMacbeth saw Banquo’s ghost sitting in his place at the feast. He became frightened and disturbed, so he could not sit down calmly.

    ЁЯМЯ Learning Tip: Read each answer carefully, understand its meaning and then practise writing it in your own words.

  • Ch.14 Stuck by an Iceberg

    Stuck by an Iceberg

    Class 7 English Literature

    Vocabulary, Comprehension and Grammar

    Part 1: NEP 2020 тАФ New Words and Their Meanings

    1. Swamped

    English Meaning: Overwhelmed or completely occupied with something.

    Hindi Meaning: рдХрд╛рдо рдпрд╛ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдШрд┐рд░рд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ

    2. Hysterical

    English Meaning: Unable to control one’s emotions because of extreme fear, excitement or distress.

    Hindi Meaning: рдЕрддреНрдпрдзрд┐рдХ рдШрдмрд░рд╛рдпрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ, рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛рдУрдВ рдкрд░ рдирд┐рдпрдВрддреНрд░рдг рдЦреЛ рджреЗрдирд╛

    3. Launching

    English Meaning: The act of starting or sending something into operation or use.

    Hindi Meaning: рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрдд рдХрд░рдирд╛, рдЖрд░рдореНрдн рдХрд░рдирд╛

    4. Rendering

    English Meaning: The act of presenting, expressing or depicting something.

    Hindi Meaning: рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддреБрдд рдХрд░рдирд╛, рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдг

    5. Manifested

    English Meaning: Showed or made something clear.

    Hindi Meaning: рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛, рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛

    6. Wreckage

    English Meaning: The broken remains of something damaged or destroyed in an accident.

    Hindi Meaning: рдорд▓рдмрд╛, рдЯреВрдЯреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЕрд╡рд╢реЗрд╖

    7. Maiden Voyage

    English Meaning: The first journey of a ship.

    Hindi Meaning: рдЬрд╣рд╛рдЬ рдХреА рдкрд╣рд▓реА рд╕рдореБрджреНрд░реА рдпрд╛рддреНрд░рд╛

    8. Hatchway

    English Meaning: An opening through which people or things can pass between the decks of a ship.

    Hindi Meaning: рдЬрд╣рд╛рдЬ рдХреЗ рдбреЗрдХ рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдпрд╛ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░

    9. Proposition

    English Meaning: A plan, suggestion or idea put forward for consideration.

    Hindi Meaning: рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡, рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛

    10. Instinctively

    English Meaning: Doing something naturally, without consciously thinking about it.

    Hindi Meaning: рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдкреНрд░рд╡реГрддреНрддрд┐ рд╕реЗ, рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рд╕реЛрдЪреЗ-рд╕рдордЭреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ

    11. Consternation

    English Meaning: A feeling of shock, worry or confusion caused by something unexpected.

    Hindi Meaning: рдШрдмрд░рд╛рд╣рдЯ, рд╕реНрддрдмреНрдзрддрд╛

    12. Conjecture

    English Meaning: A guess or opinion based on incomplete information.

    Hindi Meaning: рдЕрдиреБрдорд╛рди, рдЕрдЯрдХрд▓

    13. Imperturbable

    English Meaning: Remaining calm and not becoming upset, even in a difficult situation.

    Hindi Meaning: рдЕрд╡рд┐рдЪрд▓, рдХрдард┐рди рдкрд░рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рднреА рд╢рд╛рдВрдд рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛

    14. Succour

    English Meaning: Help or support given to someone who is in difficulty.

    Hindi Meaning: рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛, рд╕рд╣рд╛рд░рд╛

    Part 2: Comprehension

    A. Choose the correct option

    1. I surfaced from the depths because

    Correct option: (iv) I had developed lung power to hold my breath through practice during school days.

    2. I was parted forever from my friend Clinch Smith because

    Correct option: (iii) the wave that lifted me drowned him.

    3. We were in a desperate place because

    Correct option: (iii) the water was following us and in front of us was a crowd of people.

    4. Clinch Smith and I scurried out of the way because

    Correct option: (ii) the lifeboat came crashing down on the Boat Deck.

    B. Put these sentences in the correct sequence

    Correct OrderSentence
    1I reached the side of the boat.
    2I grabbed the left arm of a young member of the crew.
    3I threw my right leg over the boat.
    4The moment of getting aboard gave me mental relief.
    5Next morning, I reached the deck of the hospital Carpathia.

    C. Think and answer

    Which part of the lesson had a deep emotional impact on you? Why?

    Answer: The part that had the deepest emotional impact on me was the scene in which the survivors cried for help in the dark sea. Their cries showed their fear, pain and helplessness. It was heartbreaking to imagine so many people struggling to survive in the freezing water. This part made me realise the value of human life and the importance of courage and helping others in times of danger.

    Part 3: Vocabulary тАФ Parts of a Ship and an Aircraft

    Write the words in the correct columns according to whether they refer to a ship or an aircraft.

    Parts of a ShipParts of an Aircraft
    BeamPropeller
    FenderWing Flap
    GalleyFuselage
    Crow’s NestHorizontal Stabilizer
    DeckEngine Cowl
    HullSpinner
    KeelAileron
    MastWing Strut
    GangwayLanding Light
    ProwWing Tip Light
    HelmFin and Dorsal
    RudderElevator
    SternWing
    Sail

    Meanings of important terms

    Beam: A strong horizontal structural support.

    Fender: A protective cushion that prevents a ship from being damaged when it touches another surface.

    Galley: The kitchen on a ship.

    Crow’s nest: A high platform on a ship used for observation.

    Hull: The main body of a ship.

    Keel: The main structural support along the bottom of a ship.

    Mast: A tall pole on a ship that supports sails or equipment.

    Gangway: A passage used to board or leave a ship.

    Prow: The front part of a ship.

    Helm: The steering mechanism of a ship.

    Rudder: A device used to steer a ship or aircraft.

    Stern: The rear part of a ship.

    Sail: A sheet of fabric that uses wind to move a boat or ship.

    Propeller: A rotating device that produces thrust.

    Wing flap: A movable part of an aircraft wing that helps control lift and landing speed.

    Fuselage: The main body of an aircraft.

    Horizontal stabilizer: The horizontal tail surface that helps keep an aircraft stable.

    Engine cowl: A covering around an aircraft engine.

    Spinner: A rounded cover over an aircraft’s propeller hub.

    Aileron: A movable part of a wing that helps an aircraft roll.

    Wing strut: A structural support for an aircraft wing.

    Landing light: A light used to illuminate the runway during landing.

    Wing tip light: A light fitted near the end of an aircraft wing.

    Fin and dorsal: The vertical tail fin and its upper supporting section, which help stabilise an aircraft.

    Elevator: A movable control surface on an aircraft’s tail that controls pitch.

    Wing: The part of an aircraft that produces lift.

    Part 4: Grammar тАФ Second Conditional

    Complete the sentences using the second conditional. It describes imaginary or unlikely situations in the present or future.

    1. If I ______ (be) you, I ______ (get) a new job.
    If I were you, I would get a new job.
    2. If he ______ (be) younger, he ______ (travel) more.
    If he were younger, he would travel more.
    3. If we ______ (not/be) friends, I ______ (be) angry with you.
    If we were not friends, I would be angry with you.
    4. If I ______ (have) enough money, I ______ (buy) a big house.
    If I had enough money, I would buy a big house.
    5. If she ______ (not/be) always so late, she ______ (be) promoted.
    If she were not always so late, she would be promoted.

    Part 5: Grammar тАФ Third Conditional

    Complete the sentences using the third conditional. It describes imaginary situations in the past and their unreal results.

    1. If you ______ (not/be) late, we ______ (not/miss) the bus.
    If you had not been late, we would not have missed the bus.
    2. If she ______ (study), she ______ (pass) the exam.
    If she had studied, she would have passed the exam.
    3. If we ______ (arrive) earlier, we ______ (see) John.
    If we had arrived earlier, we would have seen John.
    4. If they ______ (go) to bed early, they ______ (not/wake) up late.
    If they had gone to bed early, they would not have woken up late.
    5. If he ______ (become) a musician, he ______ (record) a CD.
    If he had become a musician, he would have recorded a CD.

    Part 6: Fun Activity тАФ Synonyms

    Write a word with a similar meaning for each word in the textbook list.

    WordSynonymWordSynonym
    AbductKidnapAbroadOverseas
    BehaviourConductBenevolentKind
    CalamityDisasterCorrectAccurate
    RemorseRegretHideConceal
    ResidenceDwellingFamousWell-known
    EntireWholeNecessaryEssential
    LocationPositionTemptEntice
    ElucidateExplainExorbitantExcessive
    TediousBoringSlenderSlim
    InquisitiveCuriousDestitutePoor
    DisseminateSpread