A. 1. d. 2. c. 3. d. 4. June 9th 1900.
- c.
B. 1. Punjab, Andhra Pradesh - Shifting
- colonial
- land settlement
- Labourers, wages
- Santhals
- Sidhu, Kanhu
- British, Ulugaan
- burned, surrender
- European, Bengali
C. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F
D. 1. c. 2. e. 3. d. 4. a. 5. b.
E. 1. The ‘bethbegari’ system is the local
name for forced labour that was
used in Chota Nagpur Plateau. In
this system, the tribals were forced
to work under the non tribals who
were extremely exploitative people. - The advice given by Birsa Munda
in order to bring back the golden
age of the Mundas were as follows-
• He urged people to give up drinking
liquor and to stop believing in
witchcraft
• He started giving the youth training
for fighting the British
• He asked the Mundas to stop
paying the rent to the zamindars - The ‘dikus’ were the outsiders who
had entered into the lands of the
tribals to oppress them and force
them to do cheap labour. The tribals
wanted the ‘dikus’ out of the forests
because the forests were the
ancestral homes of the tribals and
they did not like any kind of
interference by the outsiders in their
ancestral lands. - The ‘khunkaltidars’ were the
original clearer of the forests who
were found in the Chota Nagpur
Plateau. The Munda community
that inhabited this region was
traditionally into the activity of
felling trees. - Some forests, which produced
commercially valuable timber like
deodar or sal, were declared
Reserved Forests.
F. 1. The main features of the tribal
revolts during the period under our
study were-
• These revolts were autonomous and
in rare cases enjoyed the support of
other groups of society like the
educated middle classes
• Most of the revolts were rooted in
the tribal belief system and had a
strong religious sanction
• Violence wad the last resort of the
tribals and was used only when the
other methods such as appeals and
petitions did not work
• Most of the revolts were ruthlessly
suppressed though once suppressed,
the British tried to make efforts to
accommodate the demands and also
protect the trinbals from the
excesses of the outsiders. - Sidhu and Kanhu were the two
brothers who gave leadership to the
Santhal Revolt that broke out in
June 1855. They cut off postal and
railway communications between
Bhagalpur and the Raj Mahal hills
and took complete control of the
area. They used guerilla tactics and
attacked a few British officials and
their bunglows. The authorities
were taken by surprise and began
to take shelter in the thick forests
until February 1856; the British
authorities launched a military
campaign against the Santhals and
crushed them. - The tribal laws impacted tribal life
very adversely and deeply in the
following ways-
• Many previously unadministered
tribal areas were brought under the
British control
• Outsiders who had not been keen
to go into these areas previously but
could do so now because of the
protection given by the colonial
state
• With commercialization of land,
expression of cultivation and
demand for cash revenues, outsiders
settled down in tribal areas. As a
result large tracts of land were
transferred to non tribal outsiders
• Tribal people were deprived of all
their rights
• The colonial state constantly
interfered with the tribal policies
and rules despite stating on paper
that they did not - The outcomes of the Munda
rebellion for the tribals of the Chota
Nagpur Plateau were-
- It led to the enactment of the Chota
Nagpur Tenancy Act of 1908,
which tried to help the Mundas by
banning ‘bethbegari’ system of
forced labour
• The Act assured local customary
land rights to the Mundas in their
villages
• The government also enacted
several steps to bring the tribals and
the administration closer to each
other • Government officials were
now stationed closer to the Munda
villages so that they could speedily
attend to the grievances of the
tribals
- 1778: Revolt of the Paharia
Sardars of Chota Nagpur against
the British. 1784-1785: Uprising of
the Mahadev Koli tribes in
Maharashtra and Tilka Manjhi of
Santal Tribe. 1789: Revolt of the
Tamar of Chotanagpur against
British. 1794-1795: The Tamars
revolted again.
G. 1. The Santhal Rebellion (1855-56)
fought exploitative landlords and
British rule. The Khasi Uprising
(1829-33) opposed British intrusion
and road construction through their
hills. Both resisted colonial control,
but for different reasons. - Khonds of Odisha are a settled tribe
practicing agriculture, known for
colorful Dussehra celebrations. Van
Gujjars of Punjab are nomadic
shepherds, moving with the seasons
and grazing their herds in the
Shivalik hills.
H. 1. Settled peasants were easier to
control and administer than people
who were always on the move for
livelihood. The British also wanted
a regular source of revenue which
was not possible with peasants
engaged in shifting cultivation.
Therefore, the British introduced
land settlements. - Forest acts a few forests producing
deodar or sal trees were declared
Reserved Forests. These trees were
considered valuable timber by the
British. So, pastoralists were not
allowed to enter these reserved
forests.
DO AND LEARN
Assertion And Reasoning - a 2. a
Hots - The first war was against the intervention
of the outsiders like the ‘dikus’ and the
British officials. The second war was
against the internal disorder that had
come in like witchcraft, drinking of
liquor etc. Thus the tribals were fighting
the two battles simultaneously. - Because the tribals did not use modern
methods of warfare. Instead they still
fought with bows and arrows so it was
impossible to defeat the western powers
by merely using these means of warfare.
Picture Based Questions - An American diplomat
- Stand fire and fire law
- Adviser to President Woodrow Wilson
- Naga, Khantis and Mishing.
WORKSHEET
A. 1. independent, isolated - Santhals 3. Munda Rebellion
B. 1. T 2. F 3. T
C. 1. b 2. d 3. d
D. 1. Jhum Cultivation–A kind of shifting
cultivation practised in hilly areas
by tribal people. - • These revolts were autonomous
and in rare cases enjoyed the
support of other groups of
society, especially the educated
middle classes.
• Most of the revolts were rooted
in the tribal belief system and
had a strong religious sanction. - The Munda Rebellion was one of
the most important tribal uprisings
that took place during the British
rule in India.
PERIODIC ASSESSMENT 1
A. 1. Dinabandhu Mitra - Siraj-ud-Daulah
- India, Europe
- Balasore, Hugli
- Absentee
- Mahalwari
- 1897
- Europeans, Bengalis
B. 1. During the British administration,
major forms of communication
among different branches included
postal services, telegraph networks,
and official dispatches via messengers
or couriers. - Mangal Pandey, Tipu Sulatn, Rani
Lakshmi Bai, Nana Phadnavis etc. - The Third Anglo-Mysore War was
fought in 1785-1794. - The Company annexed the princely
states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and
Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi
(1854) and Awadh (Oudh) (1856)
using the doctrine. - Ryotwari Settlement introduced by
Thomas Munro in 1820. - The Indigo Revolt, also known as
Neel Bidroho, was a peasant uprising
that occurred in Bengal (mainly in the
districts of Jessore, Nadia, and 24
Parganas) and Bihar in 1859-1860.
The revolt was against the oppressive
indigo planters (mostly British
landlords and moneylenders) who
forced peasants to cultivate indigo
under exploitative conditions and
unfair contracts.
Peasants faced harsh terms such as
low wages, exorbitant rent, and
forced cultivation of indigo instead of
food crops. The revolt was sparked
by the severe economic hardships
and the brutality of the planters. It
was marked by protests, strikes,
refusal to plant indigo, and occasional
violent clashes with planters and their
agents.
The Indigo Revolt brought attention
to the plight of peasants and
contributed to the reform of
agricultural practices in British India.
It also highlighted the exploitation
faced by Indian farmers under British
colonial rule. - The Chota Nagpur Tenancy Act of
1908 was a legislation aimed at
protecting the rights of tribal and
indigenous communities in the Chota
Nagpur Plateau (now in Jharkhand).
It regulated land ownership and
tenancy rights, preventing exploitation
by landlords and ensuring fair
treatment of tribal landholders. The
act was significant for its role in
safeguarding the interests of
indigenous people against the
backdrop of colonial land policies. - Birsa Munda (1875–1900) was a
tribal leader and a folk hero, belonging
to the Munda tribe, who was behind
the Millenarian movement that rose
in the tribal belt of modern-day Bihar
and Jharkahnd during the British rule.
C. 1. Lord Wellesley, during his tenure as
Governor-General of India from 1798
to 1805, pursued a policy of territorial
expansion known as the Subsidiary
Alliance System.
Key features of the Subsidiary
Alliance System:
Military Alliance: Indian princely
states were required to maintain a
British military force in their territory,
effectively placing them under British
protection.
No Independent Foreign Relations:
States were prohibited from entering
into alliances with other powers
without British consent, ensuring
British hegemony.
Financial Obligations: States had to
pay a subsidy for the maintenance of
the British troops stationed in their
territory, often leading to financial
dependence on the British.
Loss of Autonomy: Despite nominal
independence, states had to accept
British interference in internal affairs,
including succession disputes and
administrative matters.
Expansion of British Influence: The
system facilitated gradual British
expansion and control over Indian
territories without direct annexation,
thereby extending British influence
across the subcontinent.
Overall, the Subsidiary Alliance
System was instrumental in
consolidating British power in India
during the early 19th century and laid
the groundwork for subsequent
British territorial expansion and
political dominance in the region. - During the British Modern Period of
filmmaking, spanning roughly from
the early 20th century to the mid-20th
century, feature films underwent
significant transformations both in
style and content. This era witnessed
the evolution of filmmaking
technology, including advancements
in sound synchronization and
cinematography techniques, which
revolutionized the cinematic
experience.
British filmmakers explored a diverse
range of genres and themes in their
feature films. They delved into social
issues such as class divisions, the
impact of industrialization, and the
changing roles of women in society.
Historical dramas and literary
adaptations also became prominent,
reflecting Britain’s rich cultural
heritage and its influence on global
cinema.
Notable directors such as Alfred
Hitchcock, David Lean, and Powell
and Pressburger emerged during this
period, each leaving a distinctive
mark on British cinema. Their films
not only entertained but also offered
profound insights into human nature,
societal norms, and the complexities
of interpersonal relationships.
Overall, the British Modern Period of
feature films laid the foundation for
the development of British cinema as
a significant cultural and artistic force
on the global stage, influencing
f i l m m a k e r s w o r l d w i d e a n d
contributing to the diversity and
depth of cinematic storytelling. - Indigo cultivation in colonial India
was a significant agricultural practice
driven by British planters for
commercial purposes. It involved
growing indigo plants primarily in
Bihar, Bengal, and parts of presentday Uttar Pradesh. Peasants were
often forced into contracts that
compelled them to grow indigo
instead of food crops, under harsh
and exploitative conditions.
The indigo produced was used for
dyeing textiles, particularly in
Europe, where demand was high. The
system of indigo cultivation became
notorious for its oppressive practices,
including low wages, high rents, and
coercive measures by British planters
to enforce contracts. This exploitation
led to widespread discontent among
peasants, culminating in protests and
uprisings such as the Indigo Revolt
of 1859-1860.
The indigo cultivation system
gradually declined due to economic
changes and legislative reforms in the
early 20th century, marking a
significant chapter in India’s agrarian
history and the struggle for peasant
rights during the colonial era. - The Tribal Revolt, also known as the
Tribal Uprising or Adivasi Revolt,
refers to various movements and
uprisings by tribal communities in
India against colonial rule and
exploitation. Here are the main
features:
Resistance to Land Alienation:
Tribes resisted British policies that
led to the alienation of their traditional
lands through forest laws, revenue
settlements, and acquisition for
plantations or infrastructure projects.
Cultural and Religious Assertion:
Movements often involved asserting
cultural identity and defending tribal
customs, beliefs, and traditional ways
of life against attempts at cultural
assimilation by colonial authorities.
Armed Resistance: Some revolts
included armed resistance against
colonial forces or local authorities,
aimed at protecting their lands,
livelihoods, and autonomy.
Leadership and Organization:
Revolts were often led by tribal
leaders or local chieftains who
mobilized communities and organized
resistance movements, sometimes
forming alliances with other tribal
groups or local dissenters.
Impact on Policy: These revolts
influenced colonial policies towards
tribal communities, leading to
reforms aimed at appeasement or
containment, such as the enactment
of laws recognizing tribal land rights.
Legacy and Continuation: The
legacy of tribal revolts continued
beyond the colonial period,
influencing post-independence
policies and movements advocating
for tribal rights, autonomy, and
sustainable development.