1. What were the consequences of the Battle of Plassey?
The Battle of Plassey (1757) was a turning point in Indian history. Robert Clive’s victory over Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah established British supremacy in Bengal. Mir Jafar was installed as a puppet Nawab, while the Company gained effective control over Bengal’s vast resources and revenue. This victory ultimately laid the foundation for British colonial rule across India.
2. What do you understand by ‘Dual Government’?
The Dual Government was introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal in 1765. Under this system, the Nawab held nominal administrative authority, while the East India Company controlled the Diwani rights, i.e., revenue collection and finances. In effect, the Nawab governed without power and the Company held power without responsibility. This led to exploitation and mismanagement, and was abolished by Warren Hastings in 1772.
3. Which were the main European countries competing in Bharat?
During the 17th and 18th centuries, five major European powers competed for trade and influence in India — Portugal, the Netherlands (Dutch), Great Britain, France, and Denmark. Among these, Britain emerged as the dominant power, especially after defeating France in the Carnatic Wars.
4. What were the reasons for deterioration in the relationship between the East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal?
Several factors strained the relationship between the Company and the Nawab. The Company misused trade privileges and avoided paying customs duties. Officials exploited the Dastak system for personal gain. The unauthorised fortification of Calcutta was seen as a direct challenge to the Nawab’s sovereignty. Additionally, the Company sheltered the Nawab’s political enemies. These grievances collectively led to the conflict at Plassey in 1757.
5. When and where did the British East India Company first establish its business in Bharat?
The British East India Company, chartered in 1600, established its first trading post in India at Surat, Gujarat, in 1613, after receiving permission from Mughal Emperor Jahangir. From Surat, the Company gradually expanded, setting up settlements at Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690), which later became the centres of British power in India.
📝 Answers are framed as per CBSE NCERT Class 8 History syllabus.